******** ********** ** * niche ** ***** ************ applications, *** ** *** be * ********* *** to ********** **** ****** wireless ******, ********* *********, interference, *** ***** ******* impacting ** *****.
** **** *****, ** break **** *** *** elements ** ******** ********** for ***** ************:
- ********: *** ** **** vs ****
- ********: ******** ** ********
- ********: *************** ** ***********
- ******** *** ****
- **** ***** **** ****
- *********** ********* ******** *** Unlicensed ******
- **** ******
- ********* ********
- ************ *****
- ******** ******** ************ ** Surveillance
- ***********
- ***** ************
[***************]
********
***** *** ***** ***** wireless ******* ********** ** use ** ************, **** varying **** ********* ** where *** *** ******* are ********:
- *****-** *****
- *****-**-**********
- ****
*****-**-*****
*****, *** **** ****** are *****-**-***** (***) ******** links. ** *** ********, a ****** ***** ** the ****** ******** ** connected ** * ****** radio ********* ** *** surveillance *******. *** ***** are **** ** *** common ************:
- ********** *******:**** ********, *** ****** are **** ** ******* cameras **** * ****** location (**** ** * parking *** ****, *** example) ** * ************ system.
- ******** ********:***** ** ***** ** also **** ** ******** applications, ********** *** ********* together ** ********** * multipoint **** ******* ** another ***** ** *** network.
*********** ******** *** **** often **** ** *** applications, **** *****-**** ****** possible. **** ********* ********* options *** *********, **** 900 ***, ** *.* and *.* ***, *** higher.
*****-**-**********
** *****-**-********** (****) ******** links, * ****** ***** acts ** **** *******, connected ** *** ******* network, **** ******** ****** transmitting ** **. *** radios **** ** **** setups *** ** *** same ** *** ** many *****, ****** **** manufacturers *** ******* ****** for *** **** ******* to ****** ****** **** rates ******** **** ********** numerous ****** ******.
**** ** **** ** applications ***** ******** ******* must ** ********* ****** the ****, ******* ********* wired ************, **** **** camera ******* ***** ** the **** *******. ***** systems ***** ** **** from * ******* ** cameras ** * ******* lot ** ****-**** ************ systems, ***** ******** ** cameras *** ********* *** PtMP ****** ***** ********** through ***** *****.
**** **** ******** ********* use *************** ** **** angle *********** ******** (**** as *******), ********* ** whether ******* *** ******* in *** ********** ** in *** ******* *********. PtMP ****** ****** **** often *** ******** *********** antennas.
****
** * **** *******, each ******** **** ******** to *** ** **** other ******, ********* **** than *** **** *** network *******. ** *** link *****, **** ** rerouted ** ******* ****, reducing *** ****** ** a ***** ******. *******, if ******** ** *******, the **** **** ** carefully ******** ** ****** failed *****, ** ******* from *** *** ******* overload *******.
************, **** ****** **** typically **** ********* **** PtP ** **** ******, and **** ****-********* ** configure. ******* ** **** added *******, ** *** most ***** **** ** city ************, *** ** the *** ************ **** both *** ****** *** need *** ***** ******** capabilities.
*******, **** **** ******* has ******* *** ****** (cases) **** ********* ************* (over * **/*), ****** mesh ********* ** **** applications. ************, **** *** become ********* ** *********** customers **** **** **********,*******, *** ****** ** expand **** ******** ********** homes/businesses.
**** ****** *** *** any **** ** *******, depending ** *** ******** to ***** *****, *** how **** ** ** connecting **.
Internal ******** *** ** *******
****** ******** ***** **** an ** ****** ** statistically **** *** *** cameras **** ** **** integrated ********, ********* **** short ****** *** *** marketed *** ******** ***, not ************.
** ****, **** ************ video ************ ************ *** standard ***** ** *******, without ********** ********, ********* to ** ******** ******** radio ***** ****** ********.
Omnidirectional ********
*************** ******** ******* *** signal ** *** **********. Most ***** *** ******** with **** **** ** antenna ** ** ** typically ******** **** ******** wireless *******, *** ***** "rubber *****" ***** ** well ** *** "*****" seen *****. ******* ****** function *** **** ***, but *** ** **** larger (*-*' ****), ********* on ******* ****.
Directional ********
*********** ******** *** ********* in ******** ****** **** varying **********. **** ******* tight ********, ** ******* horizontal ** ****, ***** other *** ** ****, over *** *******. **** that ******* **** (******, patch, *********, ***.) **** not *********** ******* *********, and * **** ******* of ******* *** ********* in **** **** ******.
Performance *********
********* *** ****** ******* depends ** **** *******, but *********** ***** **** to ***** *********:
- *************** ******** *** ******* to *** **, ********* little ** ** *********, but ***** *** ******** range. **** ****** ** used **** **** ******** to ******* ******** ******* to * **** *******, for *******.
- *********** ******** **** ** patch *** ****** ******* better ***** *********** *** to ***** ******** **** pattern. **** *** **** commonly **** **** ** external ******** *** ***** built **** ***-**-*** ******. They *** ***** ** aimed ** ***** ******* of ********* **** ******* signal ******** ******** *** aiming, *** *** ********* of ***** ******* *** to ****, ****, *** vibration.
- ****** *********** ******* **** as ********* ******* *** strongest ******, *** *** difficult ** *** *** to ***** ****** *********, often ********* *********** *********** to *******. ***** ******** are **** ***** ***** using ******, ****** ******** meters, *** ***** **** complex *****, *** *** more *********** ** *********** issues *** ** **** or ********* **** ***** types.
Antenna ****** ** ****
**** ** ********* ******* the ****** *** ****, everything **** ***** *****, the ******* *** ****** can ******** *** **** likely ** *** **** with ************. *************** ******** are ***** ** *** as *** ***** *********** antennas *** ** **** or ******.
Free ***** **** ****
** **** *******, ** introduce *** ****** ** figuring *** *** *** a ****** *** ********, aka *********** **** ***** path ****, *** ****, see:********: ** *** ******** Surveillance.
*** ******* **** ***** how *** *** *** transmit *******:
- *** ********* ***** ****: higher *** *********, *** shorter *** *** ** (e.g., *.****, ********** **** equal, *** ******* ***** than *.****).
- *** **** ** *** antennas ***** ****: *** higher *** **** (*.*., 24dB ******* ** ****), the ******* *** *** go.
- *** *********** ***** *** receiver ********. *** ****** the *****, *** ****** it ** ** **** but ********* **** ********* is ********* (*.*., -***** vs -***** *** ****** bandwidth ******).
- *** ************ ***** ** the *****. **** ************ wireless ******* *** ******** frequencies ***** *** *** much ***** *** ** put ***, ************ *** far *** ****** *** go (******, *.*., * TV ******* ***** ** comparatively '********' *** ************* at **** ***** ***********).
******* ** *** ******* calculations ******** ** ****,** **** ****** ************** **** ***** ****, with **** ********* ********, frequency, ******* *** ***** information, *** ******** ***********. The ****** ** *** of ***** *********** *** a ****** *.* *** link ** ***** *****.
Fresnel ****
******** **'* **** ** think ** ******** ****** as * **** ** a ****, ** ** actually ** ********** ****** between *** *********** *** receiver, ****** ********** ****. ****** ***, *** larger *** ******** ******* the ******, *** ****** the ******** ** *** fresnel ****.
******* ** ****, *** curvature ** *** ***** may ****** ** ***** at **** **** ****** (over ******* *****) ** the ****** ****** ** enter *** ******* ****, requiring ****** ** ** mounted ****** ** **********. Additionally, ** ******* ******, users ****** ****** ** other ************, **** ** trees, ******* ******, ** buildings ******** *** ******* zone, ** **** *** also ***** **********/********** ******.
*********** *** ******** **** to ********* *** **** of *** ******* **** and ************* ******** ******, similar ** **** ****** calculators. ************* *** ***** their *** **********, *** many ******* *********** ********** ********* ******.
Obstructions / **** ** *****
****** **** *********** *** penetrate ************ ****** **** others, ******** ***** ****** ideally **** ***** **** of ***** (***) ******* radios *** **** ***********. Obstructions ****** *********** ** three *** ****:
- **********
- **********
- ********* ***********
**** ** **** ** obstruction, **** ** *** signal ** ******** ***/** reflected, ******** *** ***** of ****** ******** *** receiving ***. *** **** impacts *********** ******* ** the ********. *** *******, drywall *** **** ***** (common **** *** ****** construction *********) ****** ********** little ******. ** ********, heavy ********, *****, *** steel ************ ***** ** older ********* ****** *** reflect **** **** *****, resulting ** **** ***********.
********* ** * ******* reflection ** *** ****** from *** ******** ****, resulting ** ** ***** received *** ** **** with *** ******** ***-********* transmission, ******** **** *******. Highly ********** ******** **** as ***** *** *****, as **** ** *******, are ***** ** ********* propagation **** ** ******* ranges.
Frequency *********
********* ******* ******** *********** in *** ****:
- **********:****** ***, *** ****** the *********, *** ****** the ******* *********** **********. High ********* ****** *** easily ******** * **** speeds, ***** ***** *********** are ******* ** *-* Mbps.
- ***********:*** ** ***** ****** wavelength, ***** *********** *** better **** ** ********* and ******** ******* ** total *********. *** *********** (900 ***, *.* ***, etc.) *** ******** ** non-line ** ***** (****) applications, ***** ** ** 40 *** **** ********* radios *** *** *********** degraded ** **** ** fog *** ** ******** in *** ***.
******* ** ****, ***** must ********* ******** *** maximum ******** **********, ********* in *** ******** ************ path, *** **** *** possibly ** ********, *** how ******** ********* ******* may **.
** ******* *********** ********* used ** ************ ******* below.
2.4/5.8 ***
***** *********** *** **********, free *** *** ** anyone, *** **** ***** used ** ******* ************ applications **** ** ********** cameras ****** * ******* lot, ******* *** *********, etc. ********** ****** ********* on ************ ********** *** number ** ****** (*** MIMO, *****) ****, *** is ********* ** *** range ** ~**-** *** single ******, *** *** or **** *** **** models.
*******, ***** *** ***** are **** **** ** 802.11 (*/*/*/*/**) ******** ** use ** ***** *** business, ********** *** ********* for ************. *.* *** was ********** **** ****** in ************ ** ** was **** ******* **** the *.* ****, *** with ***.*** (*** *** 802.11ac) ****** ****** ****** in **** **** *** commercial ********, *** ********* has **** ******* *******.
*.* *** *** ** used ** ******* ** lower ********** ***-**** ** sight ************, ** ** may ********* ********* **** as ***** **** *****. However, *.* *** ********* requires **** ** *****.
************, *.* *** *.* GHz *** **** **** to ********* ********* **** lower ***********, ****** **** of ***** (***) *** when ********* ****** ** these *****. ** ************ video ************, *.**** ** more ********** **** **** 2.4Ghz ** ** ** relatively **** *******.
900 ***
*** *** ** *** most ****** ***-**** ** sight *********, *** ** most ***** **** **** cameras ** *** **** a ***** **** ** the **** *******, **** as ***** ** ***** areas **** ******* *****.
*** ***** ********* **** is ****** **** ** penetrate ********* **** *.* or *.* *** ******. This *********** ***** **** a ********, *******, ** 900 *** ******** ***** typically **** ***** ********** than ****** ***********, ************ about ~**-** **/*. *******, newer **** ****** **** increased ********** *************, **** 100+ **/* *** ******.
*** *** *** ********* band, **** *.* *** 5.8 ***, ** ******* and *** ********** ************ issues, ** ** ** commonly **** ** **** consumer ********, **** ** wireless ****** *** ********* ovens.
10+ ***
******** ****** ***** *.* GHz (**, **, **, 80 ***, ***.) **** historically ******** ** ************ but **** **** ***** use ** *** **** few *****, *** ** their ****** ********* ******** (often ** ** * Gb/s). *******, **** ***.**** based **** ****** *** more ******, **** ******* has **** ******** *******.
***** *********** *** **** more *********** ** ************ due ** ************* ********** such ** ****, ****, and ***, ****** **** budget ******** *** ****** alignment ********. *******, ****** in ***** *********** *** less ****** ** *** interference ****** ******* *** other ******* ******* ** these ******, ****** *** MHz ** *.*/*.* ***.
************, ****** ** ***** bands *** **** **** expensive **** ******* *.*/*.* GHz ******, ********* ******** close ** $*,*** *** per *****, **** $*,***-*,*** not ********.
Licensed *****
**** *********** ** *** wireless ******** *** ******** for ****** ****** ***. In *** **, *.* GHz ** ********* *** this ******, *** ***** entities (*********, *** *** always, ********** ********) ******* to ****** ****** ** this **** **** ***** for ***. ***** *********** may ******* ********* *****.
******* *** ********* ********* who *** *** *** 4.9 *** **** *** on **** ******** ** each ****, ************ ****** are ******** ******** ** unlicensed ***********. ******* ** is ********** ** ****** safety ***, ** ** most ***** **** ** city ************, **** ** police *** ***** ********* personnel.
TV ***** *****
* ****** *********** ** wireless,** ***** **************** **** ***** ****** up ** ******** ******* use ** ****. ***** radios *** *********** ** the ***/*** ***** ***** were ******* ** *** switch **** ****** ** digital ********* **. ***** they *** ***** *********** (between ** *** *** MHz), ***** ***** ****** are ****** **** ** penetrate *********, *** ********** is ***** **** **** 900 ***, ******* *** at ***** ** **/* in ********* ********* ******* options.
MIMO ******
****, ***** *** ******** In ******** ***, ******* radio ****** ****** *** or **** ***** ** increase ********* *** ********** to ************. **** ****** may *** *** ** more ******** ********, ** more ******** * ****-********* antenna, ***** ********* **** of ***** ******* ** once, **** *** ********** rotated ** *******. **** image *********** ****** ****** dual-polarized ********:
Bandwidth ********
************* *** **** ********** may ****** ********* *************, especially ** *********** ********. 5.8 *** *********** *** below *** ********* *** affected ** *** *** the **** ****** *******, such ** ***** **** or ********** ****. *********** above ****, *******, *** be ******** *******, *** thus ****** *** ** used *** ******** ************ links. ***** **** *******, slight ******* ** **** conditions, **** ** ******* growing **** *** **** of ************, ** ******** shifting ******** *** ***** intermittent ******, ********* *********, or ******** **** ** link.
Manufacturer ********* ******
** ******* ***** ************ bandwidth ******. ** * general **** ** *****, discount ********* ********* ****** by **% ** **% when ********** ********* *** real ***** ************ ***. The **** **** ** that **** **** **** caution, ******** ********* **** for * ****** ** camera (~*-* **/*) ** generally **** ** ******* on * ********* *** link. *******, ** ******** video ******* *** ****** and **** *******, **** careful ********** *** ******* becomes ********.
Transmission *****
***** *** ** **** and **** ***** *** transmission ***** ** ******** networks. ********* *** ******** by ****** **** ** obstructions, ********* ****, ************ power, *** ******* ****.
** ******* ************* ***** line ** ***** ** possible, **** ** ******* lots, ******** ** *** much ** * ********* when ******** ******** ** PtP ** **** **************.
*******, ***** *****-**** ******** links *** ****** ******** with *** ***** *********, many ***** **** **** the ************ ******** ** these ********* ***********, *** novice ***** ****** **** assistance **** *** ************ or *********** ***********.
************, *** ****** *** link, *** **** ******* antenna ********* **** **, making ************ **** *********. Multi-mile ***** **** **** take *** ********* ** the ***** **** *******, as ** *** ******* or ****** ****** ** long ******, ********* *****.
Wireless ******** *** ***** ************
***** ******* ****** **** built-in ********, ********* ************ systems **** *** ********** wireless ********* ******* ** trying ** ******* ** a **** ** *** wireless ******.
**** ******** ************ ***** typically ****** *** ** PtMP *******, ********* **** lower **** ******* (******** is *** **** ******). For **** ** ******** product ***********, ***:******** ******** ***** ************ Manufacturers.
** *** *****, ***** was * *** ** money *** ******** ** mesh ********** *** *** high **** ($*,***+ *** link *** ******) *** complexity *** ********* **** mostly ** ****-***, *********** projects.
***********
******* ******** ***** *** sensitive ** ************ ** site **********, ******* *********** is * *** ******* in *** **********. ******* alignment ****** ** *******, connectors ****** ** ******* for *********, ******* ** the **** ** *** link ****** ** *******, and ****. ** ******* these ****** **-***** ** our******** ************ ***************.
Power ************ A major obstruction to installing wireless-connected cameras is determining the best available power source. The power draw for a typical radio and camera will be low (less than 60 watts). Finding continuous, clean supply near the required location is the primary obstacle. If no power source exists, power draw will need to be taking into account for Solar or Battery powered systems.Electrical ******* ******** Always consult a licensed electrician when installing a new or using an existing power source. If you or the client do not have one on staff, you will need to account for the additional cost of subcontracting one. This is important as the supply voltages can cause injury or death to inexperienced technicians, or damage expensive equipment. A licensed electrician will also ensure you get the correct information about existing power sources (do not automatically rely on the client's maintenance staff). The most common power sources that are used:
- ******* *****
- *****
- *******
Utility *****
******** ******** ****** *** cameras **** * ******** 110-120VAC @ ** ** (or ***-****** @ **** ) *******-********* ****** ** hardwired ***** ****** ** the ******* ********.
*** ************ ** * camera ** * ******** that *****'* **** ******** network ************, ***** *** be ****** **** * nearby ********** ******** ***, or **** ** ******** off ** ******** *******. This *** ** ****** on *********** *****, ****** Fields, *** ****** ******* garage *************.
********** ******* ** ******** poles *** **** *** the ********** ***** **** is ******* *** ****. This **** ****** ** a *** *******:
- ** *** ***** ** the **** ********* ********? In **** ********** **********, multiple ******** ***** *** controlled ** * ******** located *****, ** *****-***, which ***** *** ***** off ** *** ****** during *** ***.
- ** *** ***** ********** with ************ *********? **** lighting ***** *** ** higher *-***** ******** **** 277 ** *** *****, so **** *** ******* you **** ***** **** power ******* *****-**** ***********.
**** *** ****** ** ***** ******** Power*** ************ *******.
Solar *****
*** ********* ** ***** power *** ******** ***** surveillance **** ****** ** the ****** *** *** installing. *** ** ********** National ********* ****** *** produces ******** ***** *** ****** available ** *** ** states. ***** ********* *** available *** ********** *** solar ****** *********, **** the****** ***** *****. **** *** ****** *** ***** ************************.
*** **** **** **** to ********* *** ****** required *** **** ******, and *** ** * combination ** ***** ****** with ******* ****** **** work ***** *** *** installing.
******* ****** ** ******** when ********** * ***** powered ****** ** *** additional ****** *** ********** of **** *** ***** panel *** *** ********** control ****** *** ******* storage *****.
***** ***** ******* **** result ** ****** ********* costs ** *********** *** solar ****** *** ******* backup *******.
Battery *****
******* ****** ***** ** part ** *** ***** Powered ****** *** ** added ** ******** ***** installations **** *** ***** supply ** **********. *********** of *** ********* ** critical ** *** *********** of *** ****** *** will *** ********* ****.
******* *********,*************** *** ********** *******-******* are ********-******* ********, *** integration **** * *** platform ** ***** ******* is ****. ************* ***** a ******* **** ** 4-9 ******. **** ***** be ********* ** * few ***** ********* ** the ****** ** ******** monitored. ******* **** ** taken ******* ***** ********* the ********* ** **** units. ******* **** *********** batteries *** **** ** be *********** ***** ******** offline.
Test **** *********
**** ***** ******** *******
[****: **** ***** *** originally ******* ** ****, but ************* ******* ** 2018 ** ******* ******* in ************ *****, ********* selection, *** ******* ************]]
.jpg)
Comments (15)
Brandon Knutson
I have little experience with wireless camera deployments, so thank you for this excellent primer.
Create New Topic
Undisclosed Integrator #1
I have no experience with wireless. Being that each camera needs power. How is that handled?
What is the real world application here as it takes into account powering the cameras.
Create New Topic
Jon Dillabaugh
04/04/18 01:47pm
While I think this is a well thought out, comprehensive guide, I feel like you are missing a section on how easy/feasible it is to interrupt these wireless networks.
A $10 ebay deauth tool will break any 2.4GHz network in seconds, defeating any security. Higher cost units are capable of defeating other spectrums as well.
I think designers and integrators need to keep this in mind. Clients must be made aware when wireless is being used and the subsequent trade offs of doing so.
Create New Topic
Jon Dillabaugh
04/04/18 07:14pm
There are zero obstructions between the radios. The train runs 50ft behind/beside the station radio. The radios are mounted about 15-20ft above the ground.
Create New Topic
Luca Fogliati
Environmental limitations of products shoul be checked as well...some antennas (nanostation as well) definitely suffer weather conditions over time...i personaly removed many that were sunburnt after 2 to 4 years of outside life....how can consumer check if the product is sufficently protected ,tropicalized,effectively uva protected and so on?ip grade is just not enough
Create New Topic
Javier Rodarte
I have had success with Mikrotik 60ghz radios. However you have to use them at close range about 200 meters and perfect line of sight.
Create New Topic
Undisclosed #2
WPA3, let's go! Do it now! :D
Create New Topic