Wireless Networking For Video Surveillance Guide

******** ********** ** * niche ** ***** ************ applications, *** ** *** be * ********* *** to ********** **** ****** wireless ******, ********* *********, interference, *** ***** ******* impacting ** *****.

** **** *****, ** break **** *** *** elements ** ******** ********** for ***** ************:

• ********: *** ** **** vs ****
• ********: ******** ** ********
• ********: *************** ** ***********
• ******** *** ****
• **** ***** **** ****
• *********** ********* ******** *** Unlicensed ******
• **** ******
• ********* ********
• ************ *****
• ******** ******** ************ ** Surveillance
• ***********
• ***** ************

[***************]

********

***** *** ***** ***** wireless ******* ********** ** use ** ************, **** varying **** ********* ** where *** *** ******* are ********:

• *****-** *****
• *****-**-**********
• ****

*****-**-*****

*****, *** **** ****** are *****-**-***** (***) ******** links. ** *** ********, a ****** ***** ** the ****** ******** ** connected ** * ****** radio ********* ** *** surveillance *******. *** ***** are **** ** *** common ************:

• ********** *******:**** ********, *** ****** are **** ** ******* cameras **** * ****** location (**** ** * parking *** ****, *** example) ** * ************ system.
• ******** ********:***** ** ***** ** also **** ** ******** applications, ********** *** ********* together ** ********** * multipoint **** ******* ** another ***** ** *** network.

*********** ******** *** **** often **** ** *** applications, **** *****-**** ****** possible. **** ********* ********* options *** *********, **** 900 ***, ** *.* and *.* ***, *** higher.

*****-**-**********

** *****-**-********** (****) ******** links, * ****** ***** acts ** **** *******, connected ** *** ******* network, **** ******** ****** transmitting ** **. *** radios **** ** **** setups *** ** *** same ** *** ** many *****, ****** **** manufacturers *** ******* ****** for *** **** ******* to ****** ****** **** rates ******** **** ********** numerous ****** ******.

**** ** **** ** applications ***** ******** ******* must ** ********* ****** the ****, ******* ********* wired ************, **** **** camera ******* ***** ** the **** *******. ***** systems ***** ** **** from * ******* ** cameras ** * ******* lot ** ****-**** ************ systems, ***** ******** ** cameras *** ********* *** PtMP ****** ***** ********** through ***** *****.

**** **** ******** ********* use *************** ** **** angle *********** ******** (**** as *******), ********* ** whether ******* *** ******* in *** ********** ** in *** ******* *********. PtMP ****** ****** **** often *** ******** *********** antennas.

****

** * **** *******, each ******** **** ******** to *** ** **** other ******, ********* **** than *** **** *** network *******. ** *** link *****, **** ** rerouted ** ******* ****, reducing *** ****** ** a ***** ******. *******, if ******** ** *******, the **** **** ** carefully ******** ** ****** failed *****, ** ******* from *** *** ******* overload *******.

************, **** ****** **** typically **** ********* **** PtP ** **** ******, and **** ****-********* ** configure. ******* ** **** added *******, ** *** most ***** **** ** city ************, *** ** the *** ************ **** both *** ****** *** need *** ***** ******** capabilities.

*******, **** **** ******* has ******* *** ****** (cases) **** ********* ************* (over * **/*), ****** mesh ********* ** **** applications. ************, **** *** become ********* ** *********** customers **** **** **********,*******, *** ****** ** expand **** ******** ********** homes/businesses.

**** ****** *** *** any **** ** *******, depending ** *** ******** to ***** *****, *** how **** ** ** connecting **.

Internal ******** *** ** *******

****** ******** ***** **** an ** ****** ** statistically **** *** *** cameras **** ** **** integrated ********, ********* **** short ****** *** *** marketed *** ******** ***, not ************.

** ****, **** ************ video ************ ************ *** standard ***** ** *******, without ********** ********, ********* to ** ******** ******** radio ***** ****** ********.

Omnidirectional ********

*************** ******** ******* *** signal ** *** **********. Most ***** *** ******** with **** **** ** antenna ** ** ** typically ******** **** ******** wireless *******, *** ***** "rubber *****" ***** ** well ** *** "*****" seen *****. ******* ****** function *** **** ***, but *** ** **** larger (*-*' ****), ********* on ******* ****.

Directional ********

*********** ******** *** ********* in ******** ****** **** varying **********. **** ******* tight ********, ** ******* horizontal ** ****, ***** other *** ** ****, over *** *******. **** that ******* **** (******, patch, *********, ***.) **** not *********** ******* *********, and * **** ******* of ******* *** ********* in **** **** ******.

Performance *********

********* *** ****** ******* depends ** **** *******, but *********** ***** **** to ***** *********:

• *************** ******** *** ******* to *** **, ********* little ** ** *********, but ***** *** ******** range. **** ****** ** used **** **** ******** to ******* ******** ******* to * **** *******, for *******.
• *********** ******** **** ** patch *** ****** ******* better ***** *********** *** to ***** ******** **** pattern. **** *** **** commonly **** **** ** external ******** *** ***** built **** ***-**-*** ******. They *** ***** ** aimed ** ***** ******* of ********* **** ******* signal ******** ******** *** aiming, *** *** ********* of ***** ******* *** to ****, ****, *** vibration.
• ****** *********** ******* **** as ********* ******* *** strongest ******, *** *** difficult ** *** *** to ***** ****** *********, often ********* *********** *********** to *******. ***** ******** are **** ***** ***** using ******, ****** ******** meters, *** ***** **** complex *****, *** *** more *********** ** *********** issues *** ** **** or ********* **** ***** types.

Antenna ****** ** ****

**** ** ********* ******* the ****** *** ****, everything **** ***** *****, the ******* *** ****** can ******** *** **** likely ** *** **** with ************. *************** ******** are ***** ** *** as *** ***** *********** antennas *** ** **** or ******.

Free ***** **** ****

** **** *******, ** introduce *** ****** ** figuring *** *** *** a ****** *** ********, aka *********** **** ***** path ****, *** ****, see:********: ** *** ******** Surveillance.

*** ******* **** ***** how *** *** *** transmit *******:

• *** ********* ***** ****: higher *** *********, *** shorter *** *** ** (e.g., *.****, ********** **** equal, *** ******* ***** than *.****).
• *** **** ** *** antennas ***** ****: *** higher *** **** (*.*., 24dB ******* ** ****), the ******* *** *** go.
• *** *********** ***** *** receiver ********. *** ****** the *****, *** ****** it ** ** **** but ********* **** ********* is ********* (*.*., -***** vs -***** *** ****** bandwidth ******).
• *** ************ ***** ** the *****. **** ************ wireless ******* *** ******** frequencies ***** *** *** much ***** *** ** put ***, ************ *** far *** ****** *** go (******, *.*., * TV ******* ***** ** comparatively '********' *** ************* at **** ***** ***********).

******* ** *** ******* calculations ******** ** ****,** **** ****** ************** **** ***** ****, with **** ********* ********, frequency, ******* *** ***** information, *** ******** ***********. The ****** ** *** of ***** *********** *** a ****** *.* *** link ** ***** *****.

Fresnel ****

******** **'* **** ** think ** ******** ****** as * **** ** a ****, ** ** actually ** ********** ****** between *** *********** *** receiver, ****** ********** ****. ****** ***, *** larger *** ******** ******* the ******, *** ****** the ******** ** *** fresnel ****.

******* ** ****, *** curvature ** *** ***** may ****** ** ***** at **** **** ****** (over ******* *****) ** the ****** ****** ** enter *** ******* ****, requiring ****** ** ** mounted ****** ** **********. Additionally, ** ******* ******, users ****** ****** ** other ************, **** ** trees, ******* ******, ** buildings ******** *** ******* zone, ** **** *** also ***** **********/********** ******.

*********** *** ******** **** to ********* *** **** of *** ******* **** and ************* ******** ******, similar ** **** ****** calculators. ************* *** ***** their *** **********, *** many ******* *********** ********** ********* ******.

Obstructions / **** ** *****

****** **** *********** *** penetrate ************ ****** **** others, ******** ***** ****** ideally **** ***** **** of ***** (***) ******* radios *** **** ***********. Obstructions ****** *********** ** three *** ****:

• **********
• **********
• ********* ***********

**** ** **** ** obstruction, **** ** *** signal ** ******** ***/** reflected, ******** *** ***** of ****** ******** *** receiving ***. *** **** impacts *********** ******* ** the ********. *** *******, drywall *** **** ***** (common **** *** ****** construction *********) ****** ********** little ******. ** ********, heavy ********, *****, *** steel ************ ***** ** older ********* ****** *** reflect **** **** *****, resulting ** **** ***********.

********* ** * ******* reflection ** *** ****** from *** ******** ****, resulting ** ** ***** received *** ** **** with *** ******** ***-********* transmission, ******** **** *******. Highly ********** ******** **** as ***** *** *****, as **** ** *******, are ***** ** ********* propagation **** ** ******* ranges.

Frequency *********

********* ******* ******** *********** in *** ****:

• **********:****** ***, *** ****** the *********, *** ****** the ******* *********** **********. High ********* ****** *** easily ******** * **** speeds, ***** ***** *********** are ******* ** *-* Mbps.
• ***********:*** ** ***** ****** wavelength, ***** *********** *** better **** ** ********* and ******** ******* ** total *********. *** *********** (900 ***, *.* ***, etc.) *** ******** ** non-line ** ***** (****) applications, ***** ** ** 40 *** **** ********* radios *** *** *********** degraded ** **** ** fog *** ** ******** in *** ***.

******* ** ****, ***** must ********* ******** *** maximum ******** **********, ********* in *** ******** ************ path, *** **** *** possibly ** ********, *** how ******** ********* ******* may **.

** ******* *********** ********* used ** ************ ******* below.

2.4/5.8 ***

***** *********** *** **********, free *** *** ** anyone, *** **** ***** used ** ******* ************ applications **** ** ********** cameras ****** * ******* lot, ******* *** *********, etc. ********** ****** ********* on ************ ********** *** number ** ****** (*** MIMO, *****) ****, *** is ********* ** *** range ** ~**-** *** single ******, *** *** or **** *** **** models.

*******, ***** *** ***** are **** **** ** 802.11 (*/*/*/*/**) ******** ** use ** ***** *** business, ********** *** ********* for ************. *.* *** was ********** **** ****** in ************ ** ** was **** ******* **** the *.* ****, *** with ***.*** (*** *** 802.11ac) ****** ****** ****** in **** **** *** commercial ********, *** ********* has **** ******* *******.

*.* *** *** ** used ** ******* ** lower ********** ***-**** ** sight ************, ** ** may ********* ********* **** as ***** **** *****. However, *.* *** ********* requires **** ** *****.

************, *.* *** *.* GHz *** **** **** to ********* ********* **** lower ***********, ****** **** of ***** (***) *** when ********* ****** ** these *****. ** ************ video ************, *.**** ** more ********** **** **** 2.4Ghz ** ** ** relatively **** *******.

900 ***

*** *** ** *** most ****** ***-**** ** sight *********, *** ** most ***** **** **** cameras ** *** **** a ***** **** ** the **** *******, **** as ***** ** ***** areas **** ******* *****.

*** ***** ********* **** is ****** **** ** penetrate ********* **** *.* or *.* *** ******. This *********** ***** **** a ********, *******, ** 900 *** ******** ***** typically **** ***** ********** than ****** ***********, ************ about ~**-** **/*. *******, newer **** ****** **** increased ********** *************, **** 100+ **/* *** ******.

*** *** *** ********* band, **** *.* *** 5.8 ***, ** ******* and *** ********** ************ issues, ** ** ** commonly **** ** **** consumer ********, **** ** wireless ****** *** ********* ovens.

10+ ***

******** ****** ***** *.* GHz (**, **, **, 80 ***, ***.) **** historically ******** ** ************ but **** **** ***** use ** *** **** few *****, *** ** their ****** ********* ******** (often ** ** * Gb/s). *******, **** ***.**** based **** ****** *** more ******, **** ******* has **** ******** *******.

***** *********** *** **** more *********** ** ************ due ** ************* ********** such ** ****, ****, and ***, ****** **** budget ******** *** ****** alignment ********. *******, ****** in ***** *********** *** less ****** ** *** interference ****** ******* *** other ******* ******* ** these ******, ****** *** MHz ** *.*/*.* ***.

************, ****** ** ***** bands *** **** **** expensive **** ******* *.*/*.* GHz ******, ********* ******** close ** $*,*** *** per *****, **** $*,***-*,*** not ********.

Licensed *****

**** *********** ** *** wireless ******** *** ******** for ****** ****** ***. In *** **, *.* GHz ** ********* *** this ******, *** ***** entities (*********, *** *** always, ********** ********) ******* to ****** ****** ** this **** **** ***** for ***. ***** *********** may ******* ********* *****.

******* *** ********* ********* who *** *** *** 4.9 *** **** *** on **** ******** ** each ****, ************ ****** are ******** ******** ** unlicensed ***********. ******* ** is ********** ** ****** safety ***, ** ** most ***** **** ** city ************, **** ** police *** ***** ********* personnel.

TV ***** *****

* ****** *********** ** wireless,** ***** **************** **** ***** ****** up ** ******** ******* use ** ****. ***** radios *** *********** ** the ***/*** ***** ***** were ******* ** *** switch **** ****** ** digital ********* **. ***** they *** ***** *********** (between ** *** *** MHz), ***** ***** ****** are ****** **** ** penetrate *********, *** ********** is ***** **** **** 900 ***, ******* *** at ***** ** **/* in ********* ********* ******* options.

MIMO ******

****, ***** *** ******** In ******** ***, ******* radio ****** ****** *** or **** ***** ** increase ********* *** ********** to ************. **** ****** may *** *** ** more ******** ********, ** more ******** * ****-********* antenna, ***** ********* **** of ***** ******* ** once, **** *** ********** rotated ** *******. **** image *********** ****** ****** dual-polarized ********:

Bandwidth ********

************* *** **** ********** may ****** ********* *************, especially ** *********** ********. 5.8 *** *********** *** below *** ********* *** affected ** *** *** the **** ****** *******, such ** ***** **** or ********** ****. *********** above ****, *******, *** be ******** *******, *** thus ****** *** ** used *** ******** ************ links. ***** **** *******, slight ******* ** **** conditions, **** ** ******* growing **** *** **** of ************, ** ******** shifting ******** *** ***** intermittent ******, ********* *********, or ******** **** ** link.

Manufacturer ********* ******

** ******* ***** ************ bandwidth ******. ** * general **** ** *****, discount ********* ********* ****** by **% ** **% when ********** ********* *** real ***** ************ ***. The **** **** ** that **** **** **** caution, ******** ********* **** for * ****** ** camera (~*-* **/*) ** generally **** ** ******* on * ********* *** link. *******, ** ******** video ******* *** ****** and **** *******, **** careful ********** *** ******* becomes ********.

Transmission *****

***** *** ** **** and **** ***** *** transmission ***** ** ******** networks. ********* *** ******** by ****** **** ** obstructions, ********* ****, ************ power, *** ******* ****.

** ******* ************* ***** line ** ***** ** possible, **** ** ******* lots, ******** ** *** much ** * ********* when ******** ******** ** PtP ** **** **************.

*******, ***** *****-**** ******** links *** ****** ******** with *** ***** *********, many ***** **** **** the ************ ******** ** these ********* ***********, *** novice ***** ****** **** assistance **** *** ************ or *********** ***********.

************, *** ****** *** link, *** **** ******* antenna ********* **** **, making ************ **** *********. Multi-mile ***** **** **** take *** ********* ** the ***** **** *******, as ** *** ******* or ****** ****** ** long ******, ********* *****.

Wireless ******** *** ***** ************

***** ******* ****** **** built-in ********, ********* ************ systems **** *** ********** wireless ********* ******* ** trying ** ******* ** a **** ** *** wireless ******.

**** ******** ************ ***** typically ****** *** ** PtMP *******, ********* **** lower **** ******* (******** is *** **** ******). For **** ** ******** product ***********, ***:******** ******** ***** ************ Manufacturers.

** *** *****, ***** was * *** ** money *** ******** ** mesh ********** *** *** high **** ($*,***+ *** link *** ******) *** complexity *** ********* **** mostly ** ****-***, *********** projects.

***********

******* ******** ***** *** sensitive ** ************ ** site **********, ******* *********** is * *** ******* in *** **********. ******* alignment ****** ** *******, connectors ****** ** ******* for *********, ******* ** the **** ** *** link ****** ** *******, and ****. ** ******* these ****** **-***** ** our******** ************ ***************.

Power ************ A major obstruction to installing wireless-connected cameras is determining the best available power source. The power draw for a typical radio and camera will be low (less than 60 watts). Finding continuous, clean supply near the required location is the primary obstacle. If no power source exists, power draw will need to be taking into account for Solar or Battery powered systems.Electrical ******* ******** Always consult a licensed electrician when installing a new or using an existing power source. If you or the client do not have one on staff, you will need to account for the additional cost of subcontracting one. This is important as the supply voltages can cause injury or death to inexperienced technicians, or damage expensive equipment. A licensed electrician will also ensure you get the correct information about existing power sources (do not automatically rely on the client's maintenance staff). The most common power sources that are used:

• ******* *****
• *****
• *******

Utility *****

******** ******** ****** *** cameras **** * ******** 110-120VAC @ ** ** (or ***-****** @ **** ) *******-********* ****** ** hardwired ***** ****** ** the ******* ********.

*** ************ ** * camera ** * ******** that *****'* **** ******** network ************, ***** *** be ****** **** * nearby ********** ******** ***, or **** ** ******** off ** ******** *******. This *** ** ****** on *********** *****, ****** Fields, *** ****** ******* garage *************.

********** ******* ** ******** poles *** **** *** the ********** ***** **** is ******* *** ****. This **** ****** ** a *** *******:

• ** *** ***** ** the **** ********* ********? In **** ********** **********, multiple ******** ***** *** controlled ** * ******** located *****, ** *****-***, which ***** *** ***** off ** *** ****** during *** ***.
• ** *** ***** ********** with ************ *********? **** lighting ***** *** ** higher *-***** ******** **** 277 ** *** *****, so **** *** ******* you **** ***** **** power ******* *****-**** ***********.

**** *** ****** ** ***** ******** Power*** ************ *******.

Solar *****

*** ********* ** ***** power *** ******** ***** surveillance **** ****** ** the ****** *** *** installing. *** ** ********** National ********* ****** *** produces ******** ***** *** ****** available ** *** ** states. ***** ********* *** available *** ********** *** solar ****** *********, **** the****** ***** *****. **** *** ****** *** ***** ************************.

*** **** **** **** to ********* *** ****** required *** **** ******, and *** ** * combination ** ***** ****** with ******* ****** **** work ***** *** *** installing.

******* ****** ** ******** when ********** * ***** powered ****** ** *** additional ****** *** ********** of **** *** ***** panel *** *** ********** control ****** *** ******* storage *****.

***** ***** ******* **** result ** ****** ********* costs ** *********** *** solar ****** *** ******* backup *******.

Battery *****

******* ****** ***** ** part ** *** ***** Powered ****** *** ** added ** ******** ***** installations **** *** ***** supply ** **********. *********** of *** ********* ** critical ** *** *********** of *** ****** *** will *** ********* ****.

******* *********,*************** *** ********** *******-******* are ********-******* ********, *** integration **** * *** platform ** ***** ******* is ****. ************* ***** a ******* **** ** 4-9 ******. **** ***** be ********* ** * few ***** ********* ** the ****** ** ******** monitored. ******* **** ** taken ******* ***** ********* the ********* ** **** units. ******* **** *********** batteries *** **** ** be *********** ***** ******** offline.

Test **** *********

**** ***** ******** *******

[****: **** ***** *** originally ******* ** ****, but ************* ******* ** 2018 ** ******* ******* in ************ *****, ********* selection, *** ******* ************]]