******** ********** ** * niche ** ***** ************ applications, *** ** *** be * ********* *** to ********** **** ****** wireless ******, ********* *********, interference, *** ***** ******* impacting ** *****.
** **** *****, ** break **** *** *** elements ** ******** ********** for ***** ************:
- ********: *** ** **** vs ****
- ********: ******** ** ********
- ********: *************** ** ***********
- ******** *** ****
- **** ***** **** ****
- *********** ********* ******** *** Unlicensed ******
- **** ******
- ********* ********
- ************ *****
- ******** ******** ************ ** Surveillance
- ***********
- ***** ************
[***************]
********
***** *** ***** ***** wireless ******* ********** ** use ** ************, **** varying **** ********* ** where *** *** ******* are ********:
- *****-** *****
- *****-**-**********
- ****
*****-**-*****
*****, *** **** ****** are *****-**-***** (***) ******** links. ** *** ********, a ****** ***** ** the ****** ******** ** connected ** * ****** radio ********* ** *** surveillance *******. *** ***** are **** ** *** common ************:
- ********** *******:**** ********, *** ****** are **** ** ******* cameras **** * ****** location (**** ** * parking *** ****, *** example) ** * ************ system.
- ******** ********:***** ** ***** ** also **** ** ******** applications, ********** *** ********* together ** ********** * multipoint **** ******* ** another ***** ** *** network.
*********** ******** *** **** often **** ** *** applications, **** *****-**** ****** possible. **** ********* ********* options *** *********, **** 900 ***, ** *.* and *.* ***, *** higher.
*****-**-**********
** *****-**-********** (****) ******** links, * ****** ***** acts ** **** *******, connected ** *** ******* network, **** ******** ****** transmitting ** **. *** radios **** ** **** setups *** ** *** same ** *** ** many *****, ****** **** manufacturers *** ******* ****** for *** **** ******* to ****** ****** **** rates ******** **** ********** numerous ****** ******.
**** ** **** ** applications ***** ******** ******* must ** ********* ****** the ****, ******* ********* wired ************, **** **** camera ******* ***** ** the **** *******. ***** systems ***** ** **** from * ******* ** cameras ** * ******* lot ** ****-**** ************ systems, ***** ******** ** cameras *** ********* *** PtMP ****** ***** ********** through ***** *****.
**** **** ******** ********* use *************** ** **** angle *********** ******** (**** as *******), ********* ** whether ******* *** ******* in *** ********** ** in *** ******* *********. PtMP ****** ****** **** often *** ******** *********** antennas.
****
** * **** *******, each ******** **** ******** to *** ** **** other ******, ********* **** than *** **** *** network *******. ** *** link *****, **** ** rerouted ** ******* ****, reducing *** ****** ** a ***** ******. *******, if ******** ** *******, the **** **** ** carefully ******** ** ****** failed *****, ** ******* from *** *** ******* overload *******.
************, **** ****** **** typically **** ********* **** PtP ** **** ******, and **** ****-********* ** configure. ******* ** **** added *******, ** *** most ***** **** ** city ************, *** ** the *** ************ **** both *** ****** *** need *** ***** ******** capabilities.
*******, **** **** ******* has ******* *** ****** (cases) **** ********* ************* (over * **/*), ****** mesh ********* ** **** applications. ************, **** *** become ********* ** *********** customers **** **** **********,*******, *** ****** ** expand **** ******** ********** homes/businesses.
**** ****** *** *** any **** ** *******, depending ** *** ******** to ***** *****, *** how **** ** ** connecting **.
Internal ******** *** ** *******
****** ******** ***** **** an ** ****** ** statistically **** *** *** cameras **** ** **** integrated ********, ********* **** short ****** *** *** marketed *** ******** ***, not ************.
** ****, **** ************ video ************ ************ *** standard ***** ** *******, without ********** ********, ********* to ** ******** ******** radio ***** ****** ********.
Omnidirectional ********
*************** ******** ******* *** signal ** *** **********. Most ***** *** ******** with **** **** ** antenna ** ** ** typically ******** **** ******** wireless *******, *** ***** "rubber *****" ***** ** well ** *** "*****" seen *****. ******* ****** function *** **** ***, but *** ** **** larger (*-*' ****), ********* on ******* ****.
Directional ********
*********** ******** *** ********* in ******** ****** **** varying **********. **** ******* tight ********, ** ******* horizontal ** ****, ***** other *** ** ****, over *** *******. **** that ******* **** (******, patch, *********, ***.) **** not *********** ******* *********, and * **** ******* of ******* *** ********* in **** **** ******.
Performance *********
********* *** ****** ******* depends ** **** *******, but *********** ***** **** to ***** *********:
- *************** ******** *** ******* to *** **, ********* little ** ** *********, but ***** *** ******** range. **** ****** ** used **** **** ******** to ******* ******** ******* to * **** *******, for *******.
- *********** ******** **** ** patch *** ****** ******* better ***** *********** *** to ***** ******** **** pattern. **** *** **** commonly **** **** ** external ******** *** ***** built **** ***-**-*** ******. They *** ***** ** aimed ** ***** ******* of ********* **** ******* signal ******** ******** *** aiming, *** *** ********* of ***** ******* *** to ****, ****, *** vibration.
- ****** *********** ******* **** as ********* ******* *** strongest ******, *** *** difficult ** *** *** to ***** ****** *********, often ********* *********** *********** to *******. ***** ******** are **** ***** ***** using ******, ****** ******** meters, *** ***** **** complex *****, *** *** more *********** ** *********** issues *** ** **** or ********* **** ***** types.
Antenna ****** ** ****
**** ** ********* ******* the ****** *** ****, everything **** ***** *****, the ******* *** ****** can ******** *** **** likely ** *** **** with ************. *************** ******** are ***** ** *** as *** ***** *********** antennas *** ** **** or ******.
Free ***** **** ****
** **** *******, ** introduce *** ****** ** figuring *** *** *** a ****** *** ********, aka *********** **** ***** path ****, *** ****, see:********: ** *** ******** Surveillance.
*** ******* **** ***** how *** *** *** transmit *******:
- *** ********* ***** ****: higher *** *********, *** shorter *** *** ** (e.g., *.****, ********** **** equal, *** ******* ***** than *.****).
- *** **** ** *** antennas ***** ****: *** higher *** **** (*.*., 24dB ******* ** ****), the ******* *** *** go.
- *** *********** ***** *** receiver ********. *** ****** the *****, *** ****** it ** ** **** but ********* **** ********* is ********* (*.*., -***** vs -***** *** ****** bandwidth ******).
- *** ************ ***** ** the *****. **** ************ wireless ******* *** ******** frequencies ***** *** *** much ***** *** ** put ***, ************ *** far *** ****** *** go (******, *.*., * TV ******* ***** ** comparatively '********' *** ************* at **** ***** ***********).
******* ** *** ******* calculations ******** ** ****,** **** ****** ************** **** ***** ****, with **** ********* ********, frequency, ******* *** ***** information, *** ******** ***********. The ****** ** *** of ***** *********** *** a ****** *.* *** link ** ***** *****.
Fresnel ****
******** **'* **** ** think ** ******** ****** as * **** ** a ****, ** ** actually ** ********** ****** between *** *********** *** receiver, ****** ********** ****. ****** ***, *** larger *** ******** ******* the ******, *** ****** the ******** ** *** fresnel ****.
******* ** ****, *** curvature ** *** ***** may ****** ** ***** at **** **** ****** (over ******* *****) ** the ****** ****** ** enter *** ******* ****, requiring ****** ** ** mounted ****** ** **********. Additionally, ** ******* ******, users ****** ****** ** other ************, **** ** trees, ******* ******, ** buildings ******** *** ******* zone, ** **** *** also ***** **********/********** ******.
*********** *** ******** **** to ********* *** **** of *** ******* **** and ************* ******** ******, similar ** **** ****** calculators. ************* *** ***** their *** **********, *** many ******* *********** ********** ********* ******.
Obstructions / **** ** *****
****** **** *********** *** penetrate ************ ****** **** others, ******** ***** ****** ideally **** ***** **** of ***** (***) ******* radios *** **** ***********. Obstructions ****** *********** ** three *** ****:
- **********
- **********
- ********* ***********
**** ** **** ** obstruction, **** ** *** signal ** ******** ***/** reflected, ******** *** ***** of ****** ******** *** receiving ***. *** **** impacts *********** ******* ** the ********. *** *******, drywall *** **** ***** (common **** *** ****** construction *********) ****** ********** little ******. ** ********, heavy ********, *****, *** steel ************ ***** ** older ********* ****** *** reflect **** **** *****, resulting ** **** ***********.
********* ** * ******* reflection ** *** ****** from *** ******** ****, resulting ** ** ***** received *** ** **** with *** ******** ***-********* transmission, ******** **** *******. Highly ********** ******** **** as ***** *** *****, as **** ** *******, are ***** ** ********* propagation **** ** ******* ranges.
Frequency *********
********* ******* ******** *********** in *** ****:
- **********:****** ***, *** ****** the *********, *** ****** the ******* *********** **********. High ********* ****** *** easily ******** * **** speeds, ***** ***** *********** are ******* ** *-* Mbps.
- ***********:*** ** ***** ****** wavelength, ***** *********** *** better **** ** ********* and ******** ******* ** total *********. *** *********** (900 ***, *.* ***, etc.) *** ******** ** non-line ** ***** (****) applications, ***** ** ** 40 *** **** ********* radios *** *** *********** degraded ** **** ** fog *** ** ******** in *** ***.
******* ** ****, ***** must ********* ******** *** maximum ******** **********, ********* in *** ******** ************ path, *** **** *** possibly ** ********, *** how ******** ********* ******* may **.
** ******* *********** ********* used ** ************ ******* below.
2.4/5.8 ***
***** *********** *** **********, free *** *** ** anyone, *** **** ***** used ** ******* ************ applications **** ** ********** cameras ****** * ******* lot, ******* *** *********, etc. ********** ****** ********* on ************ ********** *** number ** ****** (*** MIMO, *****) ****, *** is ********* ** *** range ** ~**-** *** single ******, *** *** or **** *** **** models.
*******, ***** *** ***** are **** **** ** 802.11 (*/*/*/*/**) ******** ** use ** ***** *** business, ********** *** ********* for ************. *.* *** was ********** **** ****** in ************ ** ** was **** ******* **** the *.* ****, *** with ***.*** (*** *** 802.11ac) ****** ****** ****** in **** **** *** commercial ********, *** ********* has **** ******* *******.
*.* *** *** ** used ** ******* ** lower ********** ***-**** ** sight ************, ** ** may ********* ********* **** as ***** **** *****. However, *.* *** ********* requires **** ** *****.
************, *.* *** *.* GHz *** **** **** to ********* ********* **** lower ***********, ****** **** of ***** (***) *** when ********* ****** ** these *****. ** ************ video ************, *.**** ** more ********** **** **** 2.4Ghz ** ** ** relatively **** *******.
900 ***
*** *** ** *** most ****** ***-**** ** sight *********, *** ** most ***** **** **** cameras ** *** **** a ***** **** ** the **** *******, **** as ***** ** ***** areas **** ******* *****.
*** ***** ********* **** is ****** **** ** penetrate ********* **** *.* or *.* *** ******. This *********** ***** **** a ********, *******, ** 900 *** ******** ***** typically **** ***** ********** than ****** ***********, ************ about ~**-** **/*. *******, newer **** ****** **** increased ********** *************, **** 100+ **/* *** ******.
*** *** *** ********* band, **** *.* *** 5.8 ***, ** ******* and *** ********** ************ issues, ** ** ** commonly **** ** **** consumer ********, **** ** wireless ****** *** ********* ovens.
10+ ***
******** ****** ***** *.* GHz (**, **, **, 80 ***, ***.) **** historically ******** ** ************ but **** **** ***** use ** *** **** few *****, *** ** their ****** ********* ******** (often ** ** * Gb/s). *******, **** ***.**** based **** ****** *** more ******, **** ******* has **** ******** *******.
***** *********** *** **** more *********** ** ************ due ** ************* ********** such ** ****, ****, and ***, ****** **** budget ******** *** ****** alignment ********. *******, ****** in ***** *********** *** less ****** ** *** interference ****** ******* *** other ******* ******* ** these ******, ****** *** MHz ** *.*/*.* ***.
************, ****** ** ***** bands *** **** **** expensive **** ******* *.*/*.* GHz ******, ********* ******** close ** $*,*** *** per *****, **** $*,***-*,*** not ********.
Licensed *****
**** *********** ** *** wireless ******** *** ******** for ****** ****** ***. In *** **, *.* GHz ** ********* *** this ******, *** ***** entities (*********, *** *** always, ********** ********) ******* to ****** ****** ** this **** **** ***** for ***. ***** *********** may ******* ********* *****.
******* *** ********* ********* who *** *** *** 4.9 *** **** *** on **** ******** ** each ****, ************ ****** are ******** ******** ** unlicensed ***********. ******* ** is ********** ** ****** safety ***, ** ** most ***** **** ** city ************, **** ** police *** ***** ********* personnel.
TV ***** *****
* ****** *********** ** wireless,** ***** **************** **** ***** ****** up ** ******** ******* use ** ****. ***** radios *** *********** ** the ***/*** ***** ***** were ******* ** *** switch **** ****** ** digital ********* **. ***** they *** ***** *********** (between ** *** *** MHz), ***** ***** ****** are ****** **** ** penetrate *********, *** ********** is ***** **** **** 900 ***, ******* *** at ***** ** **/* in ********* ********* ******* options.
MIMO ******
****, ***** *** ******** In ******** ***, ******* radio ****** ****** *** or **** ***** ** increase ********* *** ********** to ************. **** ****** may *** *** ** more ******** ********, ** more ******** * ****-********* antenna, ***** ********* **** of ***** ******* ** once, **** *** ********** rotated ** *******. **** image *********** ****** ****** dual-polarized ********:
Bandwidth ********
************* *** **** ********** may ****** ********* *************, especially ** *********** ********. 5.8 *** *********** *** below *** ********* *** affected ** *** *** the **** ****** *******, such ** ***** **** or ********** ****. *********** above ****, *******, *** be ******** *******, *** thus ****** *** ** used *** ******** ************ links. ***** **** *******, slight ******* ** **** conditions, **** ** ******* growing **** *** **** of ************, ** ******** shifting ******** *** ***** intermittent ******, ********* *********, or ******** **** ** link.
Manufacturer ********* ******
** ******* ***** ************ bandwidth ******. ** * general **** ** *****, discount ********* ********* ****** by **% ** **% when ********** ********* *** real ***** ************ ***. The **** **** ** that **** **** **** caution, ******** ********* **** for * ****** ** camera (~*-* **/*) ** generally **** ** ******* on * ********* *** link. *******, ** ******** video ******* *** ****** and **** *******, **** careful ********** *** ******* becomes ********.
Transmission *****
***** *** ** **** and **** ***** *** transmission ***** ** ******** networks. ********* *** ******** by ****** **** ** obstructions, ********* ****, ************ power, *** ******* ****.
** ******* ************* ***** line ** ***** ** possible, **** ** ******* lots, ******** ** *** much ** * ********* when ******** ******** ** PtP ** **** **************.
*******, ***** *****-**** ******** links *** ****** ******** with *** ***** *********, many ***** **** **** the ************ ******** ** these ********* ***********, *** novice ***** ****** **** assistance **** *** ************ or *********** ***********.
************, *** ****** *** link, *** **** ******* antenna ********* **** **, making ************ **** *********. Multi-mile ***** **** **** take *** ********* ** the ***** **** *******, as ** *** ******* or ****** ****** ** long ******, ********* *****.
Wireless ******** *** ***** ************
***** ******* ****** **** built-in ********, ********* ************ systems **** *** ********** wireless ********* ******* ** trying ** ******* ** a **** ** *** wireless ******.
**** ******** ************ ***** typically ****** *** ** PtMP *******, ********* **** lower **** ******* (******** is *** **** ******). For **** ** ******** product ***********, ***:******** ******** ***** ************ Manufacturers.
** *** *****, ***** was * *** ** money *** ******** ** mesh ********** *** *** high **** ($*,***+ *** link *** ******) *** complexity *** ********* **** mostly ** ****-***, *********** projects.
***********
******* ******** ***** *** sensitive ** ************ ** site **********, ******* *********** is * *** ******* in *** **********. ******* alignment ****** ** *******, connectors ****** ** ******* for *********, ******* ** the **** ** *** link ****** ** *******, and ****. ** ******* these ****** **-***** ** our******** ************ ***************.
Power ************ A major obstruction to installing wireless-connected cameras is determining the best available power source. The power draw for a typical radio and camera will be low (less than 60 watts). Finding continuous, clean supply near the required location is the primary obstacle. If no power source exists, power draw will need to be taking into account for Solar or Battery powered systems.Electrical ******* ******** Always consult a licensed electrician when installing a new or using an existing power source. If you or the client do not have one on staff, you will need to account for the additional cost of subcontracting one. This is important as the supply voltages can cause injury or death to inexperienced technicians, or damage expensive equipment. A licensed electrician will also ensure you get the correct information about existing power sources (do not automatically rely on the client's maintenance staff). The most common power sources that are used:
- ******* *****
- *****
- *******
Utility *****
******** ******** ****** *** cameras **** * ******** 110-120VAC @ ** ** (or ***-****** @ **** ) *******-********* ****** ** hardwired ***** ****** ** the ******* ********.
*** ************ ** * camera ** * ******** that *****'* **** ******** network ************, ***** *** be ****** **** * nearby ********** ******** ***, or **** ** ******** off ** ******** *******. This *** ** ****** on *********** *****, ****** Fields, *** ****** ******* garage *************.
********** ******* ** ******** poles *** **** *** the ********** ***** **** is ******* *** ****. This **** ****** ** a *** *******:
- ** *** ***** ** the **** ********* ********? In **** ********** **********, multiple ******** ***** *** controlled ** * ******** located *****, ** *****-***, which ***** *** ***** off ** *** ****** during *** ***.
- ** *** ***** ********** with ************ *********? **** lighting ***** *** ** higher *-***** ******** **** 277 ** *** *****, so **** *** ******* you **** ***** **** power ******* *****-**** ***********.
**** *** ****** ** ***** ******** Power*** ************ *******.
Solar *****
*** ********* ** ***** power *** ******** ***** surveillance **** ****** ** the ****** *** *** installing. *** ** ********** National ********* ****** *** produces ******** ***** *** ****** available ** *** ** states. ***** ********* *** available *** ********** *** solar ****** *********, **** the****** ***** *****. **** *** ****** *** ***** ************************.
*** **** **** **** to ********* *** ****** required *** **** ******, and *** ** * combination ** ***** ****** with ******* ****** **** work ***** *** *** installing.
******* ****** ** ******** when ********** * ***** powered ****** ** *** additional ****** *** ********** of **** *** ***** panel *** *** ********** control ****** *** ******* storage *****.
***** ***** ******* **** result ** ****** ********* costs ** *********** *** solar ****** *** ******* backup *******.
Battery *****
******* ****** ***** ** part ** *** ***** Powered ****** *** ** added ** ******** ***** installations **** *** ***** supply ** **********. *********** of *** ********* ** critical ** *** *********** of *** ****** *** will *** ********* ****.
******* *********,*************** *** ********** *******-******* are ********-******* ********, *** integration **** * *** platform ** ***** ******* is ****. ************* ***** a ******* **** ** 4-9 ******. **** ***** be ********* ** * few ***** ********* ** the ****** ** ******** monitored. ******* **** ** taken ******* ***** ********* the ********* ** **** units. ******* **** *********** batteries *** **** ** be *********** ***** ******** offline.
Test **** *********
**** ***** ******** *******
[****: **** ***** *** originally ******* ** ****, but ************* ******* ** 2018 ** ******* ******* in ************ *****, ********* selection, *** ******* ************]]
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Comments (15)
Brandon Knutson
I have little experience with wireless camera deployments, so thank you for this excellent primer.
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Undisclosed Integrator #1
I have no experience with wireless. Being that each camera needs power. How is that handled?
What is the real world application here as it takes into account powering the cameras.
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Jon Dillabaugh
04/04/18 01:47pm
While I think this is a well thought out, comprehensive guide, I feel like you are missing a section on how easy/feasible it is to interrupt these wireless networks.
A $10 ebay deauth tool will break any 2.4GHz network in seconds, defeating any security. Higher cost units are capable of defeating other spectrums as well.
I think designers and integrators need to keep this in mind. Clients must be made aware when wireless is being used and the subsequent trade offs of doing so.
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Jon Dillabaugh
04/04/18 07:14pm
There are zero obstructions between the radios. The train runs 50ft behind/beside the station radio. The radios are mounted about 15-20ft above the ground.
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Luca Fogliati
Environmental limitations of products shoul be checked as well...some antennas (nanostation as well) definitely suffer weather conditions over time...i personaly removed many that were sunburnt after 2 to 4 years of outside life....how can consumer check if the product is sufficently protected ,tropicalized,effectively uva protected and so on?ip grade is just not enough
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Javier Rodarte
I have had success with Mikrotik 60ghz radios. However you have to use them at close range about 200 meters and perfect line of sight.
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Undisclosed #2
WPA3, let's go! Do it now! :D
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