How Tasers / Conducted Energy Weapons Work

**********

*** ***** ***** *** ******** ** 1970 ** **** (****) *****, * Physics **.*. *** ****** ** *** NASA ****** *******, ***** **** ** ***** * ********* * "****** *** ************** *** capture", ******* **** ****** *****:

*** ********* *** ***** ** ****** a **** ****** ** ********** ** the **** *** *** ********** ****** of *** ********* *** ******** ** an ******** ** * *** ******* after ************* ******* **** ** *********** fence, ****. ***** **** *** *** **** Times. *** ******'* ****, *****, **** from * ********* ***** “*** ***** and *** ******** *****” ***** ***** read ** *** ***** ("*" *** added *** ****** *************).

*****, ** *** *****, *** ******* that ***** *** ******* ********* *** patent *********** ** *** ***** ********, **** *** ***, *** *** three ** **** *** *** ********** of *** **** (****** ********* ** was ****** *** *****, **** ***** International).**** ******* ***** ****'* ***.

Widely **** ** ******

***** ***** *** ****** ****** ******* civilian ****-*******, *** *** ** * taser ****,*** *** *********** ******** *********** **** **** ***** **** ** much ***********. ** *** **, ****** departments ******* ********** ***** ******* ** the ***** *****.

*** ***** ** ** ****** **** with ***, ** ** ****** ** option ** **-******** ********** ******* *** use ** ****** *****, **** ** firearms, ***** *** **** "**** ****** weapon" (** "*** ******", "**** **** lethal").

**** *** *********** ******** ***** ******** firearms, ******** *********** *** **** *** to ******* * ***** *** * gun, ********* *** ****** ****** ***** that ** ***** **** *** ******, different *****, *** * *********** ** carry * ***** *** * *** on ******** ***** ** *** ****. However, ***** *********** ********* **** **** ******* ** **** ******* ** a *****.

********, ***** ** ** ********* ** the ********** ********* ** ******* *** use ** ****** ***** ** * decrease ** ***-******* ********* ****** *******, with **** ******** ****** (*,*,*) ********** **** *** *** ** tasers ******* ** * ********* ****** of ******* ******** ***/** ******* ********. However, * **** ********** ************** **** ***** *** **** *** decrease *** *** ** ********, ** the ******* *****:

** **** **** *** ****** ****** led ** * ***** ******** ** the *** ** ******, *** ** decline ** *** *** ** ********.

***********, ** ****** *********** *** ********* their ***** *** (*.*.,*** ****'* ******** ** ****'* **** results).

Operating *********

***** **** ****** ******* *** **** depending ** *** ************, *** ********* principle **** *** **** - *** / ****** *** ******** ****** ** incapacitate *** ******. *** ********** *****, in ****, ** ******** ** ** least *** ********** (******) **** *** propelled **** * ******* *** ********* to *** ******* *** **** ********** wires (***** ******** *** ****** **** the ******* ** *** **********).

**** *** ********** ***** *** ******'* body, **** ** *** ****** ******* electric ****** *** * *******, ***** gives *** *********** ******** **** ** apprehend *** *******. ** ****** *** taser ******** *** ****** *** ******** of *** ***** **** *********** ******* pulls.

**** ***** ****** *** ******* ** two *****, * ***** **** (*.*. with ****** ********** **** * *****) and * "**** *** ****". *** differences ******* ***** **** ** ********* later ** *** ******.

Propulsion *********

***** *** ***** ***** ****** **** gunpowder ** ****** **********, *** *** majority ** ********* ***** ******** *** compressed *** (********) ********. **** * taser ******** ***** *** *******, ** creates * ***с* ** *** ********** gas ******* ***** ******** *** ***, which, ** ****, ****** *** *** electrodes, ** ***** *****:

*** ******* ***** ***** * ******* view ** *** ***** * ********* containing *** *** ******* *** *** electrodes:

*** ***** ********** **** * ******* range ** ** **** **** **** (7.6 *) *** *** ** ** fast ** ~***-*** **/* **~**-** */* (which, ** ****, ** */* ** the*****'* ****** *****).

*******, *** ***** ***** ******* **** gas **********, ** *** ***** ************* ***** ************ * *** ********** ********* **** a ****** ******, ** *** ******* described ** *** *******:

******** [****] ****** **** ********** **** contained ********** ******** ** ****** *** probes **************. ***** ** ********** ** not ******* * *** *******. *******, when * ***** ** ********* ****** is *******, ** ****** * ******* piston ******* ***** ******** *** ****** to ****** *** ***** ******* ** a ****.

*** ****** ********** ****** *** ****** double *** ***** **** ** ** (13.7m) *** * ****** ***** ** 205 **/* (** ** */*).

**********

********** *** ****** ***** ****** **** barbs ******** ** ********* *** **** and ***** ** * **** ** continuously ******* *** ******** ******. *** barbs *** ********* *.**-*.**" (** *-****) in ****** *** *** ***** ********* typically ****** * ****** ** ***** (*,*).

********** *** ********* ** ***** ********** in ***** (**** **** ******), ** two ********** *** ******** ** ***** the ******** ******* *** ******* ****** to *** ****.

***** *** ********** ********* **** *** same ***************, *** ********** ***** (*.*., angle ******* ********** **** **** *** launched) *** **** ************* - **** 3.5 ** ** *******.

*** ********** ***** ******* ****** ********* on *** ***** *** *** *** case (*.*. ***** ******** ***** *** vs ******* ***** ***) - *** closer *** *****, *** ***** *** dispersion ***** **. **** ** **** to ******** ********** ** ************** *** target, ****** ********* ** *** ***:

*:**** * ***** ****** ****** ** deployed, * ****** *** ******** **** the ****** ** * ***-********** *****. When ***** ****** **** ******* **** a *******, *** **** ******* *** 2 ****** **** ******* *** ****** to ****.

**, *** ****** *** ****** * TASER ****** ****** ** * *******, the **** ******** ***** **** ** between *** ******. **** ***** ***** is **** ****** **** ** *********, generally ********* ** ***** *** [************* incapacitation]. ** ** *********** **** *** probes ** ** ***** ** ****** apart ** **** *** ******** ********* for *** [************ **************]. ********* ***** energy ******* ****** ****** ** ********* angles.

*** ************* ************** ********* ***** **** be ********* ** ******* ****** *****.

Electricity ** *****

*** / ****** ********** ***** ****** concerns, **** ******* *** ** ***** high-rated ******* (******** **,****) *** ****** people ***** *************, **** ** *** demo *****:

***** *** * *********** ********** ** its ********** *****:

• *** ******* ******* (** ** *.* milliamps) *** *** **** ******* (** to * ****) ** **** *****. This ** *** ************* ********* ** humans (****** ******* ******** ** *** heart) *** *** ******* ********* **** **** "* ****** ****** electricity ***** **** *** ***** *** from * ******** ** * ****** day", *** * **** ****.
• *** ******** ** * ***** ********* lasts******* */**,***** ** * ****** (***** from ** ** *** ************). **** ** ********* *****.
• *** ****** ** ****** *********, ** a ***** ** ** ** ** per ******, ***** ***** ********* * seconds, *** ** ******* ** ****** per ********* ** ~***. *** ********** effect ** *** ***+ ******** ** the ******* **** ****** ****** ** experience *********** **** *** **************.

**** ***** ******, *** *******, ****'****** ************ **, **** * "****** ********" ******* that *** ******** ** ******* *** same ****** ** *** ******'* **** regardless ** *** ******* ** ******* (or **** *******) ******* *** ********* and *** **** - ** ********* feature **** ******* ***** *************, *********** that**% ** *** ***** ***** *** stuck ** *** *********** ** *** ***** ***** ****.

*** ****** ** ****** ********** ** each ***** ** ******** ********* **** the ******** ********* (** ***** *****, impedance ** ******** ********** ** ** current), *** *** ***** ******* ******* depending ** ***** *** ********** ****** and ** **** **** ******* **** the ***** ****. ** ***** ** the ******** *** ***** ****** * layer ** *** ******* *** ********** and ***** ******, *** ********* ******* the ********** *************** ****** ******** ** *** ********* of * ***** ****, ******* ** * ******* ******** of ****** ***** ***********.

****** **** **** *** "****** ********" feature **** * ************** **** ******** the ****** ** ****** **** *** discharged **** * ***** **** **** pulse, *** ** *** ********** ******** is *** **** **** *** ****** one (**** ** ** *** **** with ** *** ***), *** ******* on *** ********** ** ******* ********* (from * ****** ** ********* ** Volts ** **,*** *****), ***** *********** * **** ***** **-******** ** two **** *********. **** ** **** to ****** *** *** ******* *** electrodes (********** *** **** ** ******** to ** ******), ***** **** ***** a ******* ** **** ******* *** air *** **** *** ***** ****. Once *** ******* *** *********** (** now ******* ***** ******* *** ***** body), *** ************** ****** *** ******* to *** ****** ********* *****, ***** is ** **** **** *****.

*** ******* ** **,**** ** **** to ****** ** *** *** "** up ** ***** *** ****", ******'* '*** ****** *********. ********, ****'****** * **** ********** ****** **** **** *** *** conduct *********** ******* "**** **** ******-********* materials".

*** **,**** ***** ***** ***** ** public ************** ***** *** ****** ** voltage **** ****** ******* * ***** body **** **** ** * *****. Still, ** *** ********* ** ******** research ****** *** ******** (*,*,*), **** ******* **** *** ** through *** ***** ****. ** ****** only ** ********* ** ********** ********** with *** ***** ****.

**** ******* (*** **********) ** * phenomenon **** *** **** ** **** on ***** *****. *** ***** ***** shows *** ********* ** ** ******** arc:

*** **** *** ********** ********* ** used ** * "******* *** *******" with **** **** ****** (*** *******,***** *) ***** *** ***** ** **-******** a ********* ******* * *********, ** the *******'**** *********:

***** ****** ******* **** *** ******** to ******* **** ******* ** ******** charge.However, **** ** **** ** ****** * ******* *** ** *********** **** *** ** **** ** **-******** * ********* ******* ******* ** ****** *** ******, or jump a clothing gap to make proper connection with a subject. [emphasis added]

Battery *******

*** ***** **** *** *******-*******, ****** with * ************ *******, **** ** in ********* **** ********* *****, ***-***-***** *********, **** ** ****** ***** **** *, ** **** *"********** ***** ********"**** ** *** ************ - **** X1, **, *** **** ****** *** powered **** **** ********.

********** ** *** ******* ****, *** battery **** *** ***** **** ***** shots. *** *******, *** "*********** ***** magazine" ****** **** **** *** ***** per ******* ****, ********* ** ****'* website. **** **** ******* **** ******* on *** ***** *** ************.

Taser ****** *** *** ***** ****

***** ******** ****** *** ******** ** incapacitate * ***** **** *** **** achieve ** **** ******** ****** **** tell ***'* ******* ** ******** *************, thus, ******* ** **** ** ******* over ***'* **** *** ***** *******. In **** ********* *****, **** ******* is ****** ************* ************** (***) ** electromuscular ************** (***) *** ** ******** ** ********* *** ***** ******* and ******* *** *****-******** ********** ** skeletal ****** ***********.

******* *** *********** ** ******** *********** and ******** ******* *** ****, *** if ****** ******* ** ** *********** form ** ******* ** * ***** body ******* *** ********* *** ****** as * **** *** ****** ***********.

Taser ****** *** ***** ********

***** ********* ***** ******* ** *** side ** *** ***** ********** ***** design, *** ***** **** - *** interfering **** ***** ********** ******** - is ******** **** **** *********. ********* speaking, ****** ** *** **** * significant ****** ** ***** ********, ******** to * ****** ****** *******, ** many ******** ****** ********* (*,*). *** *******,* **** **** ****:

******* ******** **** ***** *** *** rare *** *** ******* ***** *** straightforward *** *** ********* *********. *********** if * *** [********* ****** *******, i.e. ******] ******** *** ****** * death ** ******** * ****** *********** is **** *****.While **** ***** ** ************* ********, ** ** ****** ********. [emphasis added]

***** *** ******** ******* **** ********** to *** ******** ************ **** *** heart ******** ** ******, ********* *************** of ***** ****** *** *** ********** structure ** *** ***** ****. *** taser ****** *** ****** *** **** enough *** ****** ***********, *** *** long *** ****** ****** *** ***** contraction, ** ******* ************ **** ********** *** ****** ****** (********** ***** nerves) ** ** ********** ****** ****** ** * ***** ******** impulse ** ****** **** * ******** muscles ****.

*** ****** ******, *** ******' ****** on ***** ******** ** *******, ** rooted ** *** ***** ******* - the ***** ***** ** ****** ****** in *** **** ****** *** ****** tissue ***** ***** ** *** ******** of *** ******. ***********, ****** *. *****, **.*. ** ********** *********** *** Axon's ******** ***** ***** ** * "natural ***********" ** **** ******* ***** the ***** ****** **** ************* (** the ****** ****, **** ******* ***** reach *** *****), ** ** ***** in*** **** ******** *******:

******* ** ******** ****** ******’ ******* inclination ** ******* ***-********* *********** ***** their ******, * ****** ******* ******** into **** * ****** ***** ** follow *** ***** ****** *** ***** rather **** *** ******* ******* **** penetrates ****** *** *****.

****: * *********** ******* ** ******** papers **** ******* *** ****** ** tasers **** **** **** ** *********** to **** (****** ** **** ** research ****** ** *********** ****** *********** with *** ************), *******, ** ** extremely **** *** *********** *** ********** to ************ ***/** ******* *** ********.

Avoid ***** ****

*******, **** *********** ******* * ****** in *** ******* ****** ** ****** when ********** *** ********* ** ********** and ***** ********* ** * ******'* heart. *** *******,*. ******** ** **. *****:

*** ******, ***** *********** ******** **** for ** *** [********* ****** ******, i.e. *****] ** ****** ** [*********** fibrillation] ** * *****,the ***** *** ** *** *** ***** ** *** ***** ***** *****, *** ***** *** ** ** **** **** (~* **) *** *****, and the patient has to be very small. These are all unlikely events.[******** *****]

*********, ********** ** *** **** *******:

**** *** ****** ** **** *** Taser ***** *** ****** ** **** in *******-******** ******** ****** *** **** the *****, *** **** ** **** a ****** ***** ****** ** ******.For ***** ****** ******** ******** **** *** *****, *** ****** ** *******, though, and the key question is whether that margin is adequate. [emphasis added]

******,*.*. ***** **. **. ********* ** their **** *** *******:

Exposures **** **** *** ***** would be expected to have a close to zero probability of direct cardiac electrical effects including capture and VF based on animal studies. [emphasis added]

Deaths **** *** / ******

***** ******* ***** ** *** ***** or ***** **** ********* *** **** of ******* ***** ************ (***** *** lead ** * ******* ******), *** number ** ********* ****** **** **** caused ** *** ***** ***** ** still ******** -********* ***** ******** ****** **** * ******* ***** ****(** ** ****, *** *******) - only *.****% **** ** ****** ******** in * *****.

*******, *** ******** ** *** ****** that **** ********** **** ***** ****** had ***** *********** *************, **** ** high ***** ** ********* ** *** one's *****, *********** ***** **********, ***. On *** ***** ****, *** *********** cannot ******** ****** ** ****** ******** on ***** ****** ****** *********** *** CEW / *****. ******* *********** ** taser *** ******** ***** *** ************* more ******.

*** ******** ** ** *********** ************-************* also *** ******** *** *********** ** heart-related ********* ** * ****** ** the ***** *****, *******, ***** **** been **** * *** **** ********* reported. *** *******, ***** ******** ************** * "first ***** **** of inappropriate ICD [implantable cardioverter-defibrillator] therapy caused by CEW [taser] application [emphasis added]".

** ** ***** ******* ******* ******* a ****** ** *** ***** **** (amongst ***** ********* *****) ** *************. For *******, *** ******* ***** ***** an ****** ******** ***** * **** ****************** *** ***** **** ** ******** should *** ***:

*******, ** *** **** ** ****, these ********** **** *** ****** ** place, ** **** ** *** **** 2000s *** ******* *** ******** ******** to *** *** *** ***'* ***** (while ****** ********* *****), *** ***** the ******* ******** ****** *********, ** Reuters ******** ** ********** ******* ******.

Other *****-********** ********

****-********* *******, ***** *****, ***** **********, etc. *** ***** ******** ** ******** that *** ** ********** **** * taser ***. ****-********* ******* *** *** most ******* *** ****** ******** **** can ******, ** **** *** ** being ***** *** ******* **** ***'* body ** **** *** *** *** can ****, *** ***** **** (** other ***** ** *** ****) ******* to ******* ********.

Stun **** ** ***** ****

**** **** *** ******* ******* ** an ***********-******* ******, *******, **** *** structurally ********* **** ****** ** ***** electrical ***************, **** ** *********, *** goal **** **** *** *************, ***.

***** ** ** **** ***********, *** the **** *** ********** *** ************* closer ** **** ***** ******** ** electrodes ** *** ***** (~*.*" ** >7"). **** ***** **** *** **************** ****** ******* *** ********* *** fat ******(***** *** ***** *** ******** ****** tissue). ********, **** **** ********* ***** smaller ******* ******** **** ***** **** -*.*-*.*** **** **** ****** ~*.*-*.*** **** ***** ****.

***** ***** **** *** **** *** target **************, ***** **** *** **** primarily *** **** **********, ** *** electrical ****** *** *** ******** ****** and *** *** **** ****** ** capture ****** ******* *** ***** *********** contractions.

***** *** ** ***** "*********** ************" associated **** **** ****, ** *** reported ** ******* *****, *******, **** ***** ********, *** example, **** ***** *** *****. *** Axon's**** *********** ********* ***** ** *** ***** body ***** **** **** *** ***-*******, compared ** ***** ****, ************ *** differences ******* *** *******:*** ***-******* ***** ** *** ***** body *** *********** *** ** ***** sensitivity ** ********, *** *** ******:

*** **** **** ******** *** *****-**** to *** **** ** ***** (****** areas—users ****** **** ****** ***** ***** when **** *** ********* ********** ******* a ******* ********). **** **** **** the ******* *** **** ** *** neck.The ******* ** **** ****** *** ***** ****** ** *******. The cervical portion of the spine is very ********* ** ********. Also, care should be taken when applying a drive stun to the pelvic triangle to avoid the possibility ** ******** the testicles. [emphasis added]

Law *********** ****** ** ******** ****-******* ******

******* ***** ****** ********* ****** *** enforcement, ***** *** ***** *** ****** that *** ******** ************ *** ******** self-defense, *** **** ** ***** ****** are ************** ** ***** ***** ********, price, *** ********* **** ******.

Longer ******

****'* "******** ******", ***** ************* ************ *, ****** *** **** ****** ****** - ** ** ** ******* (******** to * ******* *-****** ***** **** conventional ******). *** ***** ****** *** so **** ** **** ****** *********** the ****** * ****** ** **** the *****, ** **** ******** ** its *******:

** *** *** ** *** ***, all ***** ****** ******* *** ******** to ****** ************* **************, ** ***, but *** *********** *** ******** ******* often **** **** ***********. **** * member ** *** *********** ******* * TASER ****** ******, ** ** ******** to ************ * ****** *********** ** give *** ******* * ****** ** secure *** ******. *** **** ******, the ******** ***** ** *** *********** TASER ****** ******* ** * ******* of ******** *******.For * ********, *** **** ** ********* * ***** ****** ****** ** ***** ** **** *** ** ******** **** ****** ** *** ** ******. For that reason, many civilian TASER energy weapons are more compact, discrete, and have a 30-second cycle of electric current. [emphasis added]

*** **** **-****** ***** ** ** effective (** ***** ** ******* ** a **** *****), *** *** ** leave *** ****** ******, ******* *** electrodes **** ** ** ********* ** a ***** ****** ***** ** ******* in *** ***** ******. *******, **** has* ********** ** * ***** *** **** for ****-******* *** *** **** ******, the ******* *** ****** **** *** same ***** ** * ****** ** issue * ******, ******** *** *** required ************* ** ******** (********* * police ******).

******* ** ****'* ******** ********,******* ************** *** ****-******* **** *** ****** shocks **** * ************ *****, ** the ******* ************** **** "**-****** ******". Note **** ******* **** *** **** a ******* ***** ****** ****** ** its **********.

**** **** *** ****** ******** ** the ***** ***** **** *** ******** the *********** ** *********** ************ (***** can **** ** * ******* ******) if * ******* **** *** **** an *********** ************-************* (**** ***** ***** *** ** *** ****), ** *** ******** ***. ******** ** **.:

In ***** *****, ** * ****** ** *** *** ******** **** ** ** * ******* ***** ** ********** ******* ***** * *, *** ****** **** *** ** ************ ** * **+ * ******** ****** ... Both the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) regulation’s recog- nize that electrocution either happens in the first few seconds or does not happen ... Electrical currents that will not directly induce VF in 5 s will not induce VF in 1 min [emphasis added]

*****

****-******* ***** *** **** ********* **** professional ****, **** *** ****** ****** in *** ~$***-$*** *****. *** *********** units, ** *** ***** ****, *** generally ****** ****** **** $*** **** the ******** ** *** ****** ****** higher **** $*,***.

********* **** ******* * ****** ** probe **********, *** ********** **** *** be ********* **********. *** ***** *** two ********** ********* ****** **** ~$** to ~$**.

Legal ** **** * ***** / *** *********

** **** ******* *** *** ********** to ** ******** ** *** (**** the ********* ** *** ******** ************* ***** **), ** ** ********* ***** ** buy *** ***** **** ******* ******* or ********** ******. ****** ********:

*** **** ** ****** **** *** use **** ********** *** ** *** to ********* ***********is *** * ******* [emphasis added]

*** ******* ***** ***** *** ** map ************ *** ***** ******** ** different ****** (*** **** ******* ******'* *******):

** *** **** ***********, ** **** examine *** *** *** ***** ** operates.