Subcontractor Speaks About Problems Working For Mega-Integrators

Published Mar 05, 2024 13:45 PM

While subcontractors help mega-integrators do large-scale rollouts, problems with subcontractors can cause issues for the integrator, subcontractor, and the end user.

IPVM Image

An experienced subcontractor with over 100 subcontract projects spoke frankly to us about the challenges they found working as a subcontractor for two of the largest security integrators.

In this report, we examine problems raised and recommendations for mega integrators using subcontractors based on an interview with an experienced subcontractor who worked for two of the five mega integrators.

Executive *******

*** **** ******* **** *********** ************* raised ** **** *** **** *********** often ******* **** *********** ** **** to ** ******* *** **** ********** has ***** ******* *** **** ** question, ********* ** ******, ***********, *** increased *****, *** ******** ** *** sales *****. **** ************* *********** *** mega ********** **** *** ************* ***** the **** ****** *** **** ** quoted ** *** *** ****, ****** that **** ***** ** **** ** no ****, ** **** ** *** mega ********** ******** **** *** **** if **** ***.

**** ******* **** * *** ** prime *** *********** ****, ********* ********** prime ******** **** *** ******* **** some *********** **** *** ** **********. However, **** ***** **** **** *********** poorly *********, ******* ******** *** ********, so **** ******* *** ** *********** for *** ****-**********.

** **** **** *** ***** ** the ************* *** ****-********** *********** ** the ********** ***** ***** *******. ** did ****** ***** ******* ******** **** a ****** ******* ** *** ****-**********.

Many **** *********** ***** **** **. ***** *** **********

*** ************* ****** **** ***, ** particular, **** *** ***** ******** ** subs:

*** ** ***** ******** *** **** by ****, [*********** **** **********] *** a ****** ********* ******** ******* ** far ** ******* *********** **** ****** directly, ***their ****** ******** ***** ** ** ** *** ** ***** ******** ******* ****. [emphasis added]

************, *** ************* ********* ** ********** worked ** **** *** *********** **** from *** ** *** ******* ***********, with *** ******* ****** ** "**** north" ** **** ** ********** *** involved **.

Several *********** *** ** ******* **** **** ****-***********

*******, *** ******* *** *********** ******* "disconnects" ******* *** **** ***********' ***** and ******* ********** ***** ******* ******* expectations / ************* **** ********* *** subcontractors (*** *******), ***** ***** *** to ******:

*** ** *** ******* *********** **** eventually *** ** ** ******* **** [with * ******** **** **********]. ** there's * ***** **** **** [*** integrator] **** ***** ***** ******** *** sets *** *********** **** ***** ********. Then *****'* *** ******* ********** **** that **** **** ***** *** *** and ****'** *** **** **** **** it ** **. *** ****didn't ****** **** *** ************* **** *** ***-**** ***** **** *** *** *******, **** *** **** **** ** *** **. ** *** ********** would be one salesman setting a proper expectation the next salesman maybe is not setting the proper expectation.

**** ***** *** ****, ** **** to ***** * **** * ********** on ****, *** **'* *** * document **** **** *** ***** *** a ******** ******** ** ***** ** him ****'* ****** ********* ******* *********, it's ****** *********** ** *** *****. [emphasis *****]

No **** *********** ** ****

***** **** ** *** **** **** have **** ** **** **** *******, they **** **** ****** ** **** that **** ********** *** ********, **** no ************** **** *** **** *********** that ****** **** ** ******** *** job, ********* * ******** *****, ***** unseen:

* ***** ******* ** **** *** smaller ****, **** **** * *** with *****. ** ** ***** * lot ** *** **** *** **** branches, * ****** ** ******* ****, a ****** ** ******* *****. ***** now *** **** **'* *** * ground ** ******* ** * **** branch, **** ***** ** **** **** 10 ** ** ******* *** **** or **** ******* *** *** ***** system, *** ********* ****** *** ********. Even ***** ********, *** **** **** were *** ** ****** ******, *** my ***** **** ******* ** ** was ** *** **** ** ********* of *******, **** *****never **** ** ****** ************** ** *** **** ** *** **** ** **. [emphasis added]

More *********** **** ****-********** ***********

*** ************* ************ ** ***** ** difficult *** *** **** *********** ** be ********** ** ***** ****. *******, he ******* **** *** ************* **** the **** ** *** ************ / scope ** **** *** * ********* person *********** *** *** ******* ** a ******* ***** ** ** ***********:

***'** ****** *** ** ** ** top ** **** ************* *** *** smaller *********, *** *******, ******** *** video ** ********. *** **** ** really **** **** **** **** ************* understands **** *********** *** ******* *** everything ****.

*********, *** **** *********** ***'* ** at ***** ****** ***, ** **** had ** **** * ******* ******* of ***** ******, *** ****** ******* for ********, **** ***** ******** ***** would ** *********, *** **** ***** hire ***** *** ******.

*** *** **** ** **** ***** on ***********, *** ****'** *** ***** project ******** ********* *** **** ** where ****'** ******* *** **** ******** at *** **** *** **** ***'* have **** **** ** *********. **** they're ****** ******* ** * ***** on, ***-**-*** ****** **** ***** **** the *** ******* ** *** *******.

Mega-Integrator ******* "******* *******"

******, ****** * ********* ******* ******* or ******* ********** **-**** / ************* about *** *** **** ***** **** give ********* ** / **** ******** arise. *******, ** **** ************* *******, this ** ****** ******** ** *** experiences:

** *** ******** *** ******** ********, it's * ***** ******** *****. ****'* missing **** *** ******** ** ******* control. *'* *** **% ** *** projects **** * ********** *** ********** with ***** *** ** ****** **************. We **** **** ** **** ** our *** ******* *** ***** **% of *** ********.

Bring **** ** ** *** ***** ***

*** ************* ********** **** *********** ******** them ** ** *** ***** ***, including **** ******* *** ******* ** the ******** *** ********* *******, ** the **** ***** ********** ***** *** sites *** ***** ***** ********** *** scope ** *** **** ******** *** any ********** ********* ******:

** *** ********* ***** ****** ** on *** ***** *** *** *** hey, ** *** **** **** **** wants * ****** ** *******. ******* that *********** ** **** **** *** call **** *** ********, ***** **** call ****** ** ** ** *** say ***, *** *** ** **** a **** ** **** *** **** me **** **'* ***** ** **** to ** **? **** ***** ** a ***** ************ *** ** ** have **** *** ***** *****.

**** *'* ** *** **** ** it *** ***, ****, ***** *** cameras **** **** ****** ** **** are ** ***** *** **** ****** the ******* *** **** *** ****** building. [**** * ******** **** ***********] Unless ** *** * ****** *** that **** *** ****** ** ** the ***** ***, **** ***** ********* just **** ** * ******** ***** for * ******* ******, ***** ** a *** ********* **** ** *** in *****. *** *******, *** ******* would **, *** **** ***** ** our ****** **** ***** *****, *** then **'* *** *** ***** *** find *** **** ** **** ** lift *** ** **** **** *** that.

**** ****** *** *** ************* ******** to ** *** **** ******. **** that ******** **** ** *** *********** so **** *** *** *** ****** expectation **** *** ********. ******* ** us ******* * ******** ***** *** four ***** ** ** ** *** cameras **** ******* * **** ** a ********* ** ******* ** **** office *******. ** ***** ** ***** just **** ********** ****** *** *** way ******.

** **** ******** ***** ** ** use ************** ** ********** *** **, that ************* ****** ** ******** **** the ********* ** ****** **** ********** you **.

Subs ***** ******* **** ****** ** ** **** ** ******* ********

*** ************* *******, ****** **'* ** willing ** ******* **** ******* *** the **** *********** **** ** **** if *** **** ******* *** ***. Alternatively, ** **** ******* * ** to *** **** *********** *** *** site ****** ** *** ***** **** were *** ******* *** ***:

** ** *** *** ****** **** on *** ***** ***, *** **** agreed **** ****'** ***** ** **** me ** ** ***** ****** **** survey. *'* * ************ ***********, ** I ***** ** ***** **** ******* for **** ** * **** **** the ******** ** ****** ** *** tail *** ******. ****'* *** **** as ***** *** ** *** ** my ********* *** ***** * **** survey *** **** ** **** * can ********* *** ***** ********. * would ********** ** **** **** ****** myself ** * *** ******* **** a ***** ***** **** * **** was ***** ** **** ** *** business **** *** ** *** **** end.

**** ***** **** ** ** *** agreement, ** * ***** *** * PO **** ****, *'* ********** ***** to **** ** ******* *** **** 100 ***** ** ********. ****'* **** of *** ********* *** *** * have **** ** ******** ***** ***** company. **** **** **** ** ***** is ****** ****, *** * ****** know **** *'* ******* *** ** from ****.

Subs ****** ***** ****** **** ** ******** ********** **** ****-***********

*** ******** ** *** **** ***** in *** ******* *** ** **** issues, ********* ********* ***** *** ******** into *** ****, ***** ********** *** to *** ******* "********** **********" **** the **** ***********:

****, **** ***** ** *** **** cost ******* ** *** ************ ********* was * **, *** **'** *** two ****'* **-****. ** *** ****** me ***** *** ***** ****** ** hundreds ** ***** ********, *** ***** were * ****** ** ****** **** where ** ****'* **** *** ** the **** *** ****'* **** *** owners ******* ** ********** ********* **** that **** ** ****.

************, **** ***** ******** ** **********/*********** techs *** **** ***** **** *** being ****** *** ********** *** ******** with ******** ***** (*** ***********) **** integrator ********:

** **** *********, ** *** ****, they *** ****, ********* *** ***** at *** ***. *** *****, ***'** got * ********** ** *** ****** of **** ****'* ******* ********** *** as **** ******* ******* ******, ** or ** ***** **** *** ****** of * **** ** ***, *** word **** ****** *** ***********. ****'* say ** **** **** ** **** away **** ***** [******** **** **********] jobs ** *** ***** ******* **'* just ******* **** ****. *** ***** in *** ***** ****** *** ********** with **** *****, *********** **.

**** ****** *********** **** **** **** they **** **** ** *** **** and ****'** ************ ****** *** *******, they ***'* **** ** **** **** attitude. **** ***'* **** ** *** time ******. *** **** **** **** been ****** *** *** ******* *** the **** **** *** ****, *** are *** **** ******* **** ****?

** *****'* ****** *** **** ***** you *** ***, ****, ***'* ***** about ** ***** ****, ***'** ***** get **** ****** ***. ****'** ****, well, ** *** **** *****'* ******** your ****** **** ****, ***** **'* get ****** ******, ***** **'* *** better ********, ****** **** ****.

* **** *** * **** **** in **** ** ** ******, ****'** been ******* ***** * **** ***** subs ** *** **** ** *****, as **** **** ******* ******* ***** relationships.

Slow / **** ******* *** *********** **** **** **********

****, *** **** ******** **** ********* from *** **** *********** **** **** needed ******* / ***********:

********* ** *** ********* ***** *** hours *** ***** ** **** ****. That *** * **** ***** ** contention. ******* ** *** ** ***** out ** **** *** ******* ** even ** *** *** ** *** project, **'** *** *** ******* **** the ****** ** **********'* ***** ** and ***** ** **. ** **** [the **********] *** *********** *** ***** hours ***** **** ******* *** ** the ***** *** ** ***********.

** ********* **** ** **** ** these *********, *** ******* (*** ****) would **** ** *** **** ****, with ******* *********** ***** **-**** ******* for *** *********** / ******* **** the ***********.

Other ***** **** **** ******* **** **** ********** *********

******* (***********) ***** *********** ******* ** former ********* ** *** ****** ****'** had ******* *********** **** *** **** integrators ** ***** ******:

**'* **** *******, ********** ** **** market, **'* * **** ***** *****. I've **** ******** **** [*** *******] for ***** ** ***** *** ****** that ****, *** *****'* * **** a ***** **** ****, ** *** will, **** **** ** **** ** people **** ******* ********* ** *** field. ***** ***** **** ** ***** and *** **** *** ***** *** companies *** *** ********* **** [*** company].

*****'* ** ***** *** ** ***** companies **** * *** ***** ** off *** *** ** ** ****. That's *** ******** *** *** ***** techs **** **** **** ** **** for ***** ********* **** ** ***** stay ** ***** ****. ** *** talk ***** ***** ******.

Prime **** ** ***** ****

*******, *** ************* **** ** **** primarily ** ***** **** *** ** not **** ** ***-**** ** ******* its ********:

**'** **** ******* **** ****** *** right *********** ** *** ********* *** rely ** ** *** **** ** busy ****-***** ***** **** ***, ***, half ** **% ** *** *********. Then **'** *** **** **** ** and *** ****** ** *** ****** that *** ********** ******* *** ***** half ** **% ** *** ******* busy. * **** *** *** ** a ********, ******* *******, *** *********. So, * ***** ** ******** ************ enough ** ***** **'** ******* *** of *** **** **** **** ** without ***** *********** *************. **** *** the ***** ******* ******* ****** **** kind ** ******* ******* ** **** from ***** **** ** **** *****-***** work.

** * *** **** ** **** busy ** $** ** ****, *** should * ** ******* ***** **** $55 ** **** *********** ********* **** I **** **** ****? **'** **** able ** **** *** ** *********** busy ** **** **** *** *** better **** ** ***** ** ***** years *** ******* ****** ** ***** about ***** *** **** **** ** coming **** ** ** *****.

** *** ************ **** ** *** with [* **** **********] *** ******'* work *** ** *** ** $** An **** *** ** *** **** pulling ***** **** ****** ** *** $90 [** ****] *** ** ****. Again, **'** *** ** *********** **** we ******** ***** **** $*** ** hour **** *** ** ** *** keep **** *** **** ** $*** an ****, *****'* ** ****** *** us ** ** **** ** $** an **** **** ***** **** ****.

*******, **** *** *** ** *** case *** **** ******* *********** ** that **** ****, ***** *** ************* confirmed ***** **** **** ***** * competitor ** *** ***** **** ** jobs *** ******** **** ***** ** drop.

Prime **** ********* *****, *********

************, ***** ******* ******* ** ** the ***** ********** ** **** ********* the ***** ********** **** ***** *** sub *** ******* **** ********** ****** / **** ******* **** *** **** integrator:

* ***** ****** ****** ** *****. When **'** *** ***** **********, * lot ** **** **** ** *** labor **** ** *********. ** * would ****** ****** ** *****, *** there *** ********** ***** ** **** develop * ****** **** *********** **** a ***** *****, **** ***** ** we ***** **** *****'* ** ******* or ******** *** *********'* *****. ** I ***'* **** ***** * ************* either. ** **** ***** *** ***** relationship.

***% * **** ***** *** ******/***** guy. ****'* ** ******** ***** ** do. ** * ******** ***** ** me *** ****, ***, *'* *** voltage ****, * ***** *** ****'* the ****** ** ** ********. **** me **** *** ***** ** ****. That's ** ******** ***** ** **. Those ***'* **** ***** **** *****.

*******, ** ****** **** ** ** were ******** ** *** ***** ******, he ******'* **** * **********:

*** ** *** ** ** ***** our *** *** ** ****** ****** subcontract * ****** ***'* **** * preference ** **** ** *'* ******** during ***, **** ****** *** ******* process *** *** ****. **** * don't **** ***** ** **** ****** somebody * ***** *** ** * set ** ***** *** ********* **** could ** ******** ***** ******.

**** ** ************** ** *** ******* could ********** ********** *** ***** ** work *** *** ***** *** ***** factors ******** ****** ***** ** *** job **** ***** ******.

Equipment ***** ****** "***** ***********"

***** **** *** ***** *** ***** contractor, ** ****** **** *** ********* sales **** ****** "*****" ***********, *** they've *** ** ********* ****** ** their ******** ** *** ****:

** *** ********* **** ** ****** its ****** ** ***** ***********, **** there's **** *** **** ** **** margin ***** ** ** ***. ** doesn't ****** ******* ***'** ******* ******** or ******** ***** ***'** *******, *** the **** ** *** ****** **** of **** **** **** **** **** MSRP **. ** **** **** **** you're ***** ** ** ********* ***** of **** ****. ** *** **** if ** **** ** *** *********** and *** * *** **'** *** to **** *** *******. *** ******* thing ** **** ****** ** ** the ********* ******* ******* **** ******* are *, **, **, **% ****'* still * ********** ****** ** ***** that ***'** ***** ****. **'* *** labor ***** *** *** **** **, if **** ***** *****.

** ********* **** *% ** ********** low, *** ** *** ****** ****** to *** ******** **** **** ******* on ********:

**% ***** **** **** ** ** the **** ** *** **** **'* that's **** ** ** *** **** side. ***. **'* ******* ****** *** harder **** ******** **** **% ****** in **** *********.

Mega *********** ****** ****** ******** ******* ** ****

***** *** ************* ************ *** ***** of *** **** *********** ***** **** for ***** ********, ** ******** **** integrators ****** ****** ************* **** **** as ** ***** ** **** "**********":

**'* *** * *** ******** *****, but ****'** ******* *** ******* ******* piece. ****'** *** ******* **** **** think ****'** ****** *** ** **** instances. **'** **** **** ****** ** that * *** ***** ***** * go ** ****** ** *********** *** look ** * ***** **** **** wired ** *** *'* ****, *** we ****** ** ****? * ***'* believe **** **** ** ******** ** company's **** ** **** **** ** here. ** *** **** *** **, and ****** **** **** * **** as *** ** ***** **** *** redoing ** ** ********, *** * feel **** ** **** *** * solid ************ **** ******** **** ** at *** ** ***** **** ***** site ******* *** ****** * ******* with ****, ** ******* ** * sub, ** ***** ** * *** more **********.

****** ******** *** ************* *** ******** the ***** / ************ *** *** would ******* ******* *** ******* *** efficiency ** **** *** ***** ******** most ** ***** ****** *** *** has ******* **.

Mega *********** ******* **** ** ***-********* ****

*******, ** *** ******** ****, **** may ****** ** *** **** *********** bringing ** **** **** ** **** were *** ********* ** *** ******* to ** *** ****.

*** *** ******* ** *** *********** he's ***** ****, ******** **** ** on **** **** ******** **** **** not *********:

****'* **** * ************* **** **** like ** ** **** *** **** going ** **** **** ********** *** everything ** **** ******, ********** ** whether ** ****** **** *** ** do ** ** ***. ** ****'* be ******* ** *-**** ***** **** we're *** ********* ** ** *** instance, ** **** ***** *******. ** specialize ** ******* ****** ********, *** they're ******* ** *** **** ***** stuff ** ** *** ******* **'* fumble *** *** ******* **, *** get *** *** ****. ***, ** I'm *** ******** **********, *'* ****** companies **** *** ********* ** ** the ***** **** **'** *******.

** ********, **** *** ******* ** looking ** *** *** ****, ** says **** ****** *** **** *** certified, *** **** ***** ** ********** the ************* *** ********** / ********:

****'* ***** ** *****, **** * need ** **** * ************* *** one ** ** ******** ********, *** first ***** **** * **** ** to ** ************ **** *'* ********** and *** ***, * **** * quality ********** ** ***** ** ********. Then **** ***** ** ** *** right *********. * ***'* **** **** up *** ****** ***** *** ***** calling ** ******. * ***** **** the ****** **** * **** *** going **** ** ** *** ***** direction.

***** **** ********** ******** *** ***, it ** ***** **** ***** ******** with / ********* ** * ******** product ** **** **** **** ******** installs *** **** ****** ** **** problems / ** **** ** ******** a *** ********* *** ***********.

Mega-Integrators ************ *** **** ****** ****** ****

*** ************* ******** **** *** **** integrators ****** ****** **** *** *** work **** **** ** ****** ************** for ** **** **** ********** ** responsible *** *** ******, *** **** would ** *** ***** ** *******. However, ** **** **** *** ******* subcontract **** *** *** **** ***** they *** ******* ***** ***** ****:

* **** **** ****'* ****'* ***** missed, * ***** ********** *** *** other ********* *** ****** ** **** their *********** ******** ** *** **** price **** **** ***** **** ** if **** **** *** ***** *** at *** **** ***** **** * would **** ** ** * ***** or ********. *** **** ***'* *********** need ** ** ****. ****, *** know, ** ** *** **** ****** that *** ****** ** ***** *** valued, *** **** **** * ****? And **** ****** *** *** **** value ** ****'**, ** *** ** Director *** ******** ******* * ** not ****** ** **** ** ********* subcontractors *** ***** ** ********* ***** that *** *****.

*** ************* ***** **** ** **** out **** *** ************ *** ***** he ******** ** *** ******** ** the ***** ********** / ***** ** contact ****** ****** ** *********** / through ******* **************.

App *** ************

** *** **** ****** ** ***** business **** *** **** ********** *** sub ******, **** ****** *** ** app **** ***** ******** / ***** subs ** ****** ***** ************:

** ** **** ******** ** *** away **** **** ************. **** **** out ** *** *** ***** **** on **** ***** ***** *** ********* would ** *** *** ***** ****** your ******** ** *** ********** ** that ** ***** **** ** ** worked *** *** **** ** *** advertised ** *** ***** ** **** things * ****** *** ****** ** us ** *** ** ************ **. But **** *** **** ******* ******* that *** ****'* **** **** *** and * ****, ***** ***** ***. They *** **** ******* ******* **** out *** * ***'* **** ** it **** *** ***** *********.

Asset ******** / ****

************, *** *** *** * ****** full ** ********* **** *** **** integrator ******* ** *** ********* ** they *** "**** ********," *** *** app / ***** ******* ****** ******* some ** ***** ******:

*** ***** ***** **** * ***** have **** **** ******* ***** ** merchandise ******* ** ** ********* **** belongs ** [* ********], *** ****'* that's *** *** **** ***** ******** was. * ***** ****** **** ** their ***** *** * ******* **** never **** ** ********. **'** ******** moved *** ****** ********* *** ***** their ***** **** **. * **** emailing ** ******* ******* *** ****'** like, **, *'** **** *** * label ** ********. ** **** ** back, *** **** **** ***** **. With *** ******* ** *** ******** everything *** ***** ** **** ** asset *** *** **** ** ******* it ** ** *** ********* **** where ** ***. **** ****'* ******** [by *** **** **** ****** **** with *** ********].

Comments (4)
UI
Undisclosed Integrator #1
Mar 07, 2024

***** ******* *** ****** *** *** insights **** *** ****** ** ******** both *********** & *******.

**** ** ***** ******* ********** ****** roll-outs, ** ***** * *** ** time ******** *** ***** ***** ******** to **** ****, ****** ** ****** they ****** ******* **** ******.

** ************ ***** ********* **** **** like ** - *** ****** ** deliver, *** ***** ****** ** ****, as ** **** **** *** *** real ****** *** ******* ***** ** over *** ****-***********.

** ****** *** *** ***** ******* visit ****, *** **** ** ****** they *** ********** *** **** **** would **** *** ***** *********** ****** than *** **** ******* ** ****** or ******, *** **** ********** ****** us ***** ******* ****** **** ** came **** ** *******.

*** ***** *** ** ** ****** our ***** ******** *** ******** ******* on **** *** ********, ** ***** of *******, ********* *** **** *** is ***** **** *** **** *** many ******** **** ****** ** ******.

*** ***** *** *** ****** *** project **** ******/********** *** ****** **** out ** *****'* ** *********. ****, they ****** ***** ***** ********* ** their ********, *** ** **** *** Clients *** *** ***** ******** ***** of **** **** ** **** ****** the **** ************* **** *** **** again.

**** ******** ** **** ** ****** around *** *****, **'** ****** **** about *** *** ** ** ******, but **** **** ***** **** *** territory.

(3)
(3)
UI
Undisclosed Integrator #2
Mar 07, 2024

*** *** *** ******* ** **** audience ****** **** *** *****. ** you ***'* **** *****, ** ***** provide * *** ** **** ** mega ***********.

(2)
JH
John Honovich
Mar 07, 2024
IPVM

#*, ******, ** ****** *** ************* to ***** ******, ** ****** ** omit *** **** ** *** ****-**********, lest **** **** ******** ** **** to ****** *** *** ** ***.

****-*********** ** ** *******, ************ *****: ADT **********/******, **********, *** / ****** Universal, *** / ****, ******, *********, etc. * ** **** ** *** leaving *** **** *** ******* *** criteria ** ** ***** $***+ ******* and **** **** ** ***** ********** North ******* ** ****** **********. ****** to ***, **** **** ** *****.

(2)
UI
Undisclosed Integrator #3
Mar 15, 2024

** ****** *** **** ** *** Prime *** **** ****, ***** *** issues ** **** **** **** ****, not ***, ** *** ********* *** want ** ** ** *** ****. They **** ** ********* *** ***** every **** **** **** **** * request. ** ** * ******** ***** of ****, *** ********* * **** they **** ***** **** ******* ****.

** **** **** * ** * Prime ********* **** **** **** **** are *****, *** ******* ** *** a **** ****, *** *** ** time. **** ***** ** ** *******. Poor ********** *******.

(1)