Mitigating School Shootings - Integrator Statistics 2022
With increasing rates of school shootings in the US, there is an ongoing public debate about how school shootings can be stopped, ranging from gun control, mental health services, and technology in schools. What systems are schools actually using to mitigate shootings in 2022?
~100 integrators with school security experience answered:
What security systems do you see schools most implementing to mitigate school shootings? Why or why not do schools choose those systems?
In this report, we examine the responses and highlight common themes, including detailed quotes from integrators.
*******
**** *** *** *** ******** **** the *********:
- ****** ******* ******* **** **** ****** to ** **** ** ******* ** mitigate ****** *********, ********* ** **% of ********* ** *** **** ******, or ********** **** ***** ************ (*.*. video, ******* *********, ***.)
- ***** ******* (*****, *******, **********) **** second **** ******** *****, ******** ** 25% ** *********, ****** ********* ** the **** ****** ** **** **** 1%, *** **** ***** ********* ********** with ****** *******.
- ******* ********* ******* **** #* *******, mentioned ** **% ** ***********. ******* Detection ******* *** *** **** ******* that ******** ******** ********.
- ***** *********, **** ************ *******, *** AI ********* ******** **** *********, ****** significantly **** **** *** *** *. They **** **** ********* ** ~*% of ***********, *** ********* ** ********* systems.
Access ******* / ********
****** ******* *******, ************ **** ******** capabilities **** **** ******** ***** ** integrators ***** **** ** ******** ****** shootings. ********* ******** **** ****** ******* for ******** ***** *** *** **** direct ***** ** ********** ******, ****** only * ***** ****** ** ********* reported ********/********* ***** ** ******** ****.
****, ***** ********* **** ********, ***** buttons, **** ************, *** **** **** monitoring **** ******** ********* ** ********** with ****** ******* *******:
- "**** ** *** ******* *** ************ door **** ******* **** **** *** statuses ** *** ******** ***** ** real-time *** ***** ****** ** ***** doors *** ****** ******* *************. ******** systems *** **** ** ******** ******** over *** ** *** **** **** strobes ** **** **** **** ************. Individual ********* ***** *** **** ***** deployed ** **** ****** ********* ***** during * ********."
- "* **** **** ***** ****** ***********. One ** **** *** * ******** several ***** ***. ***** **** ***** has **** ** ******* *** ********* doors *** **** **** * ** propped **** ******. *** ***** ***** they *** *** ****** *** ** their ***** *** *** ********* ** the ******* ** **** *** ******* who ***** **"
- "********* **** **** *******. **** ** the **** ******, ***** ********* *** gun ********* *** ****** ******** ** a ******** ****** **** ********** ** existing *********"
- "******** ****** ******* ***** *** ******* the **** ****** ***** ** *******. By ******** ********** **** *****, ******** controlled *** ********* ****** *** ******* being ** ********* ******** ********** **** the ******* *********, ******** *******"
- "****** ******* ******* ******** ***** ** a ****** **** ** *** ** doors. *******, **** ** *** **** entrance. *******, *** ******** ***** ******* access ** ** ******* ** ****** staff *** *** ***, **** *** speak **** ******** ********* **** * video ********"
- "** *** ***** ******* ** ***** and ******* *******. ********* ** ********** to ******* ****** **** * ****** facility ****** ***** ** ******** ****** a ****** *** *********** ** ***** demeanor ** ***** **** *** ** carrying."
- "****** ******* **** ********** ****** ******* preventing *** ****** **** ******** ******** the ******. **** ** **** ******* with **-********* ***** *******. ****'** *********, relatively ***********, ****** ** ********, *** just **** ******** ** *******"
- "********** **** ****** ******* *** ********* at *** ***** ******** *** ****** doors *** ****** *** *** ***** day **'* * *********** ** *** state ** **** ***** ******** ***** at *** ***** ******"
- "**** ******* *** *** ***** ***** intercoms *** ****** ******* *** *** main ***** *****. * ******* ** created ** * ****** ***'* ***** the ****** ******** *** **** ** enter *** ***** ** *** ****** personnel ****** ******* ** ***** *** school."
- "****** ******* (***)- **** *********, ******** entrances - ********* **** *** ******* Intrusion ****** - *** ********* ***** - ** ** ********** ****** **** ACS ************* *******"
- "***** ***** ********** *******: ********, ******** with ****** *******, *** ****** *** sometimes *** ** ********** ******, ****** with ***** ******* ******* ******* ***** surveillance."
- "******** ******** ****** ** **** *** lock *** ***** *** **** **** an ****** *******"
- "** ** * *** ** ****** control **** ******** *******. *********** *** given * ****** ******* ** ***** them ** **** ***** **** ** lockdown"
- "****** ****** ******* - **** ******** paired **** ******** ** **** ****** in *** ****** *******"
- "****** ******* *** *** **** *********, and ***** ** (**** **** **** sort ** ******* ***** ********)"
- "****** ********** ****** - ******** ********* w/ ****** ***** **** ****"
- "*** ****** ******* ****** **** ******** lockdown *******"
- "**** **** ***** *** **** ************ systems."
- "*** ****** ********: ***** ** * combination ** *******, **** ***, **** new"
- "**** **** * ****** **** ****** and ***** ********* ** ***** ******. Access ******* ** ******** **** ****** as **** ** ** ***** *** all ******** *** *****
- "****** ******* ** ***** *********/**** **'*"
- "****** ********** *****."
***** ********* *** ***** ** ********* were **** ********* ** * ***** number ** ***********:
- "**** ** * ***** ***** ** my ***** ** ** *** ****** a **** ****** *** ******, *** some ********* **** ******** ****** ******* Detection *******."
- "***** ********* *** ****** ** ****** in **** ** *** ***** ******* where ** **** *** **** ***** schools **** ******* **** **** ****** control **** * ******* (****** **** glass *******)"
- "** ***, ******* **** *** ********** with ***** ******** ******** *******, ****** things **** ***** *** ***** *********"
- "** ******* ***** ******** **** ******* for ******* ********* ******* ************** ** well **** ***** *** ****** ********* at *** ********."
- "********* **** ********** **** ****** ****-** + ****** ** **** ***** ******* detection ****** **** ****** ***** ******"
********* ******** ** ****** ********/******** ** lockdowns **** **** *********:
- "**'** *********** **** ********* ***** ****** systems **** *** **** **** ********* for **** ******** ******* ********."
- "** **** ******* **** *** ********** and **** ***** **** ******* ***** intercom *** ********* *************/********"
- "********* ******** ******* *** ************ *** all ** ** ********, *********** ****** to *** ******** *** ******** *****"
- "********* ************ **** ** ******** *** Alertus ******** ** **** **** ********* Alertus ** ****** **** ** *** industry"
Multiple ************
***** ****** ******* ******* **** **** commonly *********, **** *********** ********* **** schools **** ***** * *********** ** multiple ************; ****** ******* *** ***** systems *** **** *****:
- "*** *** ******* ** ** ** implement * ******** ******** ** *** for **** ******/ **** ****** ******, Access *** ***** **** ***** ************* components **** **** ****** ******* *** emergency *************."
- "**** *********, ****** *******, ***** ************. To ******* **********. **** ******* *** woefully ********* *** ******* **************"
- "******* *********, ****** *******, *** ******* are *** ******* ****** **'** ******."
- "****, ***, *** ********* ********* ********* on *** ******** ************ *** ********. They ******* ********* ***** ** ****** students/kids **-*******."
- "************ *** ****** *********** **********, **** Alarms **** ****** *** ********* ***********, Access ******* **** ****-**** *** ******** entrances"
- "**** **********; ***** ************; ****** *******, Shooter *********, **** ************."
- "******* & ****** ******* ******. **** not ***** **** ******* ******* ** school ************."
- "*********** ** ****** ********, *******, *** 3rd ***** ******** ********* ******* ******"
- "*** *** ** *******, ****** ******* and *********, ***** *******, ********."
- "***** ************, ****** ******* *** ***** Intercom *** *********."
- "*** *** ****** *******. **** ****** they ***** *** ****** ****"
- "****** ******* *** ***** ************. ****"
- "***, ***** ******* *** ******, ******* Detection."
- "***** ******** ********** **** **** ****** control."
- "****, ****** *******, ********, ********* ********* System"
- "****, *********, **** ************ *******"
- "**** ****** ******* *** ****** ******* paging *******"
Analytics / ******* *********
***** ******* ********* ******* ** *** completely ******** *********, **** ******** ***** shots **** **** *****, **** *********** noted ******* **** ********* ****.
- "******* ********* ******* ** **** ** deploy. ***** *** * ***** ****** of ***** ***** *** *** **** systems ***** ** ********* ** ***** 45 ******* *** ******* ********* ******. Schools ***** *** *** ** *** reliability *** **** ****** **** *** other ******* ********* ****** ** **** a ***** *****. **** **** ***** and ****** ***** ** ****** *****."
- "**** ****** **** ******* ***** ********* primarily. ***** ***** **** ** ****** onboard ******* ** ******* ***"
- "** **** **, *** ******** ****** like ******* *********. ******* *** **** Evolv ***, *** **** *** **** demoed"
- "****** ********* *******, ********* *** ********* weapons/actions/sounds"
- "**** ******** ******** *** *********** ** our ***********, *** **** ***** ****."
- "** **** ******* **** ********* **********"
- "******* **** ** *** ******* *********. Safety, ******, ******."
- "**** ******* ******** **** ******* *********"
- "******* ********* ******* ******* *********"
- "**** ********* ***** *******"
*******, * ***** ****** ** *********** noted ******** **** ***********, ***** ******, and *********** ******:
- "** **** *** **** *** ****** that *** *********** ***** ******* ********* System. *** ***** ******* **** *** had ** ******** ** **** ********** yet, *** *** ****** ** ********* concerns **** ***** ******."
- "**** *** ********* ************* ******* **** can ****** * *******, *** ***** are *** ********* ******** ** *** correct *****"
- "**** ********* **** ******** **** ******* detection *** ******* ********* ** *********** but *** ******** ** *** ******* detection ****** **** ** **** ****** with ********* **** *** **** ********"
Cameras ****
**** * *********** ********* **** ******* alone **** ***** ********* ** ******** shootings, ****** * ***** **** *** looking ** ***** *******:
- "**** / ****** *******. **** ****** this *** ** ****, *** **** of *** ** *** ******. **'* something **** ****"
- "** *** ** **** **** **** camera ***********, ******** ** **** ************* directly ********* ******* **** ** ******* shootings"
- "*******, *** ** *** **** ******* into *** ********* *******"
- "******** ****** ******* ****** ** *** local ****** **********"
Not ****** / ** *******
*********** **** ********* **** ******* *** not ******* *** ******* ****** ******** video *** ****** *******, **** ***** because ** ********* ***********:
- "** **** *****, *** ********* ***** with ***** **** *** ****** ******* systems *** **** *** ******** ************ such ** ****** ******* ********* ** weapon ********* ***** *********"
- "** **** **** ******* *** **** analytics *** *** ******* ********* *********. Most ** *** **** **** ***'* purchase *** ******* ** ***-**'*, ** because ** ********* *******"
- "******* **** *** ********** ******** ** to ******* ****** ********* ******* ** regular ************ *** ****** ******* ********"
- "****** *** *********** *** *** ******* they ***'* ********. *********** ******** *** safety ***** *** *** ******* **** do!"
- "** **** *** *** *** ******* ask *** ********* ** ******** ****** shootings. **** ******* **** **** **** will ** ********* ***** ********* *******"
- "**** ** ****** ******* ******, *** spend ****** ***** ***** ** ********"
- "**, *** ******* **** ** ******* don't **** **** ** *** *** of *******."
- "** ** *********, ***** ******* ****** and **** ***** ********** ***"
- "**** *** *** ********** **** ****** shooting *******"
- "* *****'* ********** **** ******** ****'* reactive ** ********* ***"
- "**** - ******** ************ *** * separate ****** *** ********"
- "******* ******** *** ** **** *** changes ******* ***** **** ** ******"
******* ********* ** *** ******* ** include ***** *** *** ********* *** walls **** *** *********** *** ************** of ** ********* *** ** *** solution.
**** ****** ****, *** ***** ** the ********* ** **** ****, *** primary '****' *********** *** ************** ** an ********* *** ** *** ******** is **** ****** *** ******* ****** for **** * *****.
...***** ******* **** ***** ***** ** no **** *****?
****, **** ** **** ***** ****** to *** *** **** ********* *** ** *** *** *****, ***** ***** *** ***** ****** that **** **** ***** ** ***** that ***** ** **** **** **** actually ** *****.
"**** ****** ****, *** ***** ** the ********* ** **** ****, *** primary '****' *********** *** ************** ** an ********* *** ** *** ******** is **** ****** *** ******* ****** for **** * *****."
* ** *** *** ******* "********** spending" ** *** "*******" ****. ***** are **** ****** **** ******** ******** but ************* ** *** *** ** them. * ******* ** *** *** agree **** *** ************* *** ******** money ******. **** ** *** ***** make ** **** ********* *** ******* to ****** ***/** ******** ***** ** security.
"...***** ******* **** ***** ***** ** no **** *****?"
*** **** *** ** ***** ** a ******** ******** **** ***** ***** than, ******* *** * ** *** think **** ** *** ****.
"****, **** ** **** ***** ****** to *** *** **** ********* *** ** *** *** *****, ***** ***** *** ***** ****** that **** **** ***** ** ***** that ***** ** **** **** **** actually ** *****."
*****, **** ******* ** ********** *** the **** ********* ******** **** * can ***** **, ** **** ***** and ** *****. ** *** ** your ******, ** ** ********* *** could ** *********** ** * ******** or ***** ***** ** **** ** much **** **********.
**************, ***** **** ******** ***** ** commenting ****** *** ****** ********. ******** using "*****" *** "***" ** * safe *** ** ******, ** ****** ever ***** **** ********** ** * problem.
**************, ***** **** ******** ***** ** commenting ****** *** ****** ********. ******** using "*****" *** "***" ** * safe *** ** ******, ** ****** ever ***** **** ********** ** * problem.
*** - ****** *** *** ***.
* *** '*****' *** '***' - and ********* **** '*******' - ** be **** ** ***** **** ****** to ** ** **** ********* ************ *** ********** ** **** ******* that ****** ***** ** ** **** to *****.
** *** ** ** **** ******:
*** ******* **** *** ****** ** that *********** ******* ************.
** ****** ** *** ******* ****** shootings. **** *** *** **** ************ that ******* ****** *********.
*** *** ******* **** *** **** a ********* ********, *** * ***'* believe *** - ******* * ***'* believe **** **** ***** ******.
* ******* *** *** ******* ** entire *****. *** *********** ** *** article **** ** ****** ** **** our ******** ***** ************ **** ***** on *** ********* ***** *** ****** reside ** *** ***** *** ******** layers ** ****** ********** ***********. ** mentioned, "******** *** ******* **. * (Metal *** *** *********) ****** ** at *** ***".
************ ****** ********** *********** ** * dynamic *******. ******* ********** *****, *** earlier *** *** ****** * ****** the ****** ****** *** **** ** mitigation. ** * ****** ****** ** detected *****, ********** ********* (****** / countermeasures) ** ******** ****** ***** ** be *******, *** **** ******** ***** needs ** ** *********. ** *** flip ****, ** ***** ********* ** applied **** *** ****** *** ******** layers *** *** **** ** ** as *********.
**** ** ** *****, ***** ****** mitigation ******** *** ******** ** *** being ******* *** *******. ***** *** early ********* ************ **** ** ***** and *** ** ***********. ************ * thorough ****** ****** **** **** ** based ** ***** ****** ********** *********** is *** **** ** *** ***** direction *** ***** ********* ** * key ******.
********* *****, **** ****** ************ ***** have **** ****** *** ***** **** time *** *** **** ** * variety ** ****: ********* ***** **************, a ********* ** **** **** *********, executive **********, ******* *********, ***. ******'* predictive ********* ********** ******* *****. ***** are ********* **** ******* **** *** Nisos *** ***** ***** ** ***** current *********. * ** ******* ****** would ** ********** ** ************* ** a ****** ****** ********** *** * believe *** ******* ********** ******* **** market ******** ** ******** *** *******.
*** *** ******, * ** *** affiliated **** *** ********* * *********, trying ** **** ********* ****, *** typically ** *** ******* ** ******** or ******* - **** ** * first. * **** ********* ** ***** on **** ******** *****.
* **** ********* ** ***** ** this ******** *****.
*'* **** *** ****** *** *** first **** *** **** *** ******** to ** **.
*** * ***** ***'* ********** **** point.
* ***** **** *** **** ***** are **** ** '****** ** **********' when ** ***** ** ********* *** perimeter.
*** **** ******* ******* ************ (****** multiple ******) *****, *****'* **** **** there ** ****************** ***** ************ ** ***** ************ that *** ******* * ****** ********.
*** ******* ***** *********, ** ****** this:
** *** **** ****** ** ******* elementary ****** #* - *** *** an ********* ****** - **** ************ would *** *** ** ******* * shooting ** ********** ****** #*?
"If *** **** ****** ** ******* ********** ****** #* - *** *** ** ********* ******"
*** ***** ******** ***** ** **** door ** * *******.
*** *** **** ******.
********* **********, * **** ******* ******** the ********. *********, ** *** *** addressing *** ***** ********* ***** *** the ************ * *********, (*****/********** *********) can ******* ***** ********* ** * soft ****** ***********.
**** * *** **, * ***** to *** ****** ****** ** *** SLED ****** ***** **** ******** *************.
** ** ** ** *** ** not *****, **** ** **** ******* and *** *** *** ******** **.
*********, ** *** *** ********** *** early ********* ***** *** *** ************ I *********
*'* *** *********** **** **** ** the ****... ******* *'* ******* **** the ****** *** **** ** (*********) lack ** *** ****** ***** ******** by ***** ***** ************.
(*****/********** *********) *** ******* ***** ********* in * **** ****** ***********.
**** ** ***** ** ********.
********* **** ********** **** ******** ** virtually ***-******** ****** **** ** ****** specifically ** ***** ******** ******* ********* for **** * *****.
* ***'* **** *** **** *** believe **** **** *** **** ******** in *** ****** *** ******** ** armed ******** ** ***** ****** ****** instantly *** ****** **** ***** *** building. *** ******* ** *******. **** work ** *********** **** ******* ** if ******* ** **** ** * school, ****, ********, ******* ******** ***. and ***** ** * *** *** with * ***, *** ****** ********** the ********* **** * ****** (***** it ***** **** **** ****** *******) even ********, *** ***** * ****** and **** *** ******** **** ** seconds, ***** **** *** ***** ** the ******* ****** **** ******** ***** getting **** * ********* ** **** a ***.
** ** * *** ******* ****** that ** ******* ** * ********* system **** ** **** ******** **** within **' ** ** ** *** sprinkler **** ** *** ******* (**** a **** *********) *** ****** ****** presses * ****** *** ** ***** a *** ***** ****** ** **** and ***** **** **** ** *******. Then **** **** ** ***, *** police **** ** *** **** **** him, **** ***** *** **** *** eyes *** *** ** ** **** to ****** **** ******. ******* ******.
** **** *** ******* **** **** their **** **** *** **** **** a ***** *** *** ** ****. Best ******** ** ******** *** ********. If *** *****'* ***** ** ****, look **** ** ** *******.*** **** should ** * **** ** **** also.
***** ********* *****, ******** ** *** point ** *** ****:
**** * ** ****** ** ********** is **** *** **** ** ******* this ** ***** ********* ****? ** seems **** **'* ***** ** *** very *********?
****, *** *** ******* ** *** put **** ** ***** ********* *** it ***** *** ********* *** **** comment ** **** *****.
* ******* **** ******* ** **** zones ***** ********* *** **** ****** the **** *******. ** ******** *** cost **. *** ****** ** ***** would ******** ******* * **** **** at **** ******** ** * *** consideration. ******* **** **** *** ******** would ** *** **** ********* *** to **** *** ****** **** *** into *** *********. ** *** ***'* get *** ****, **** ** **** locked *** ********* ****, *** ******** could ***** *** **** ** *** hinges ***. ** ** *** ***** stop *** ****** ** *** ****, then *** **** ***** ** ***** the **********.
** ** *******, **** *** ******** TX ********, ** ** *** ** installed ** *** *******, ** ***** of ******* *** *** ***** ***** without *********** *** ******. * **** point **** *** ** ** *** so *** ** *** **** ***** shot. * **** ****** ****** ** know ***** *** *** ********* ********* and *** *** ********** *** ***** involved.
*** **** ****** **** ****** ** individuals **** ** **********?
*** ** ***** **** ******* *** advances ** *** ************* ***** ** blocking *** ***** **** *** ***?
*** *******:
***** ******** *** * ***** *** be *** **** *** ** ****** it *** **** **** * **********, they ***** ** ******* * ****** or * ****** *** *** **** if ** *** ** *** ****** like ** **** *******, **** ***** still ****** ** *** ******'* ***** the ******. ***'* ***** * ****** adrenaline ***** ***** ** ****** ** it ********* ***** **** *** ****, strong ********** ** ****** *** ***** with *** ******* ***********. *** **** them *** ***.
* ***** ***** *** ** **** directly *** **** *********** *** ** is * ***** ********** *** ********* approach ** **** *** ***** **** shooting *** ****. ** ****** ***** would **** **** ** ** ******* in *** **** ** ** **** to ******** ***** *** ******* ** and *** **** ***** *** **** into *** ****** ****** *** ******* I ***** ***** ** ** ** anybody ****'* ***** ** ** *** might ******* * ****** ** ***** place **** ******* ****** ** ** least **** **** ***** ***** ** something *** *** *****.
**** ******* ** ** * **** effective ********** *** *****, ** ** a **** ** *** ***** (**************) phase ** *** ****** ********** ***********. We **** **** ***** ** *** earliest ******** ********* *** *** *** best **** **** **** ***** ********.
** ****** *** ****** ******* ***** kids ***** **** *** ******, ***** we ***** *** ******** ** ***** schools ***** **** ******?
** *** **** ******* *** ****** to ******* ***** **** ***** *** exit *** ** *** *** ********* a ****** ***** *****.
*** ******** ******* * ***:
*** **** ***** ****** * ****** feature ** **** *********
*’* ******** * *** ** ***** charter ******* *** **** *********.
******* ** **** ** ***** ****. Violent ***** *****, ******* ****** *** TV ******** *** ************* *** ******** to *** ***** ** ****.
**. ***. **** ******** ***** * book ** *** ******* *** *** book ***** ******* *****. **** ** the **** ** ********** ******** *** **** ** **** : * **** ** ****** ******* TV, ***** *** ***** **** ********: Grossman, ****, *********, ******: *************: ******.***: Books
*********** ******** *** * **** **** snapshot ** *** ********** ***** **** threat ********** ** ****** *******. *** technologies ***** **** *** **** * part ** **** ** **** **** to ************ ********* ** ********* ****** safety *******. *** *** ********** ****** above ** *** ****** ****** **** and ****** **, "************* **** **** the *** *****" (*****/******* *********), ****** arguably ** ***** ** *** ****.
*** * ****** ** ********* ** effective ****** ********** ******, ********** *** earliest ******** ********* **** ** ** applied. ********* * ****** ** *** perimeter ** * ******** ** ********* but ** * ****** ***** ******* in * ************ ********.
***** ************ **** ***** ******** * preventative ***** ** ***** ********* **** is ******** ** *** ****** ********** process. ********* ****** ******; ********** *** early ********* *** ***** **** ***** should ***** ****** ** ***** ** implementing ********** *** ***** ***** ** intervention *** ******. *** ********* *********, delay *** ******** **** ** *** threat ********** ******* *** **** **** important *** ******* **** ** *** systems ****** ** **** ******* - however, ***** **** ** ** ********* at *** ************* *** *********** ******.
- ****** ******* ********* ***** ***** the ********* *** ***** ***** ** the *******. ****** ******** ** ******** in *** ***** ***** ** *** process *** **** *********** ************* ** the ****** ********** *******, *** ****** loss ** ****.
- ***** ************ ********* ***** ***** the ********* *** ******** ****** ** the *******. *** ***** ***** ************ solution **** ********: ****** ******* ***********, analytics, **-********* (****/****) ***** *** ***** phone, *** ******* *********** ** ******** in ********* **** *********** ********* *** rapid ********.
- ******* ********* **** ***** **** the ******** ***** *** ******** ******** insights ** ****** ** *********** ********* and ***** ********.
*** ******: **** ****** ************ (*****) can ** *********** ** **** ** the ***** ********* ***** ** *** process. ** *** ******** * ******(*) of ******** *** *** ** ******** to ** ****. **** ** ******** to ********** * ****** ***** ** it ********* *** ** ********* ******* in **** ** *** ****** ****** mitigation *******.
***** *** ********** (******, ******* ** information, ***** *** ***** ********, *****, etc.) **** ********** ****** ****** **** are ****** ** *** ****** ******. Navigating ***** ********** **** ** **** difficult ** ********* ** ********* ****** safety ******* **** ****** ******* ***** and ***** ***** ********* ************ *** policies. ** ** ****** **** ** effectively ******* *******, ************* *** ******** service ********* **** ** **** ******* at **** ****** ** * ******** opportunity *** ***** ** *********** **** one ******* ** ***** ** *** to *** ********. ******* ********* ** the ******* ** ******* ***** *** can ********* *** ***** **** *** restricting *** ************** ** ** ********* end ** *** ********.