Russian Face Rec Suppliers Offer Ethnicity Analytics, Raising Alarm
Four Russian facial recognition firms (AxxonSoft, NtechLab, Tevian, and VisionLabs) who supply the Russian government offer ethnicity analytics, raising concerns the country's police can track minorities.
Reuters published its own investigation based on IPVM's findings, see Reuters: 'Racist' facial recognition sparks ethical concerns in Russia.
Russian facial recognition is already under heavy scrutiny for helping police identify and arrest anti-government protestors. Moscow city government and its facial recognition supplier (NtechLabs) ignored Reuters' requests to comment on the topic. The other three companies gave detailed responses, with one removing the feature for going against its ethics standards.
PRC companies have already attracted criticism for offering China police ethnicity analytics to track Uyghurs. In this post, IPVM investigates ethnicity analytics in Russia.
Four ******* ********* **** ********* ********* *********
****** *** * *********** ****** *********** industry ********, **** ******* ************** ************************* ****** **** ******** *** ******* ****** recognition.*********,********,******, **************** *** ******-***** ** ******* ***** analytics ********* **** ***** ****** **********. (** *****, ********* ************ ** *** ********* ** *** on *** ****** *** ********** ** Ireland).
***** **** ***** **** *** ******** or ********* ********* ********* ***** ** publicly ********* *********** **** *** *********, IPVM *** ******* **** ****** ** confirm ******* **** *** **** ** Russian ******/**********.
AxxonSoft "*********" ********* ** *************
*********** * ******-***** *** ************ ****** owned ** *** *******,***** ******. *** ******* ******** **** ******* of ~$** ******* *** *** **** they **** ******** ********* (***, ****, VSaaS) ******** ******* *** *******. ********* has ****** *** *********, ***** *** of ***** *** *********.
** * ***** *** *********** *** FaceIntellect *.* ********, ***** *** ********* ************ **** define ********* ** "*********", "*******", "*********", and "**** ******":
********* **** *** ********* ********* ********/********* terms **** "*************" ********** **** "*** party *******", ****** **** *** ******* it *** "*** ******** **** [***] ethical *********", *********** "*** ******* **** not ******* *** **** ** **************".
***** *** **** **** *** ******** the ***** ***. ******** ***integration *** **** **** *************, we consider such functionality as not ******** **** *** ******* ********* ** *** *******. AxxonSoft has 50 offices around the world and representatives of a diverse range of nations in our team. We are definitely not interested in promoting any technologies that could be a basis for ethnic segregation.
***, ** ****removed *** ********** ** ********* ********* **** *** *************. We held a dedicated meeting with all product managers to clearly communicate the idea of paying particular attention to the ethical side of functionality in 3rd party products we integrate. Currently we are working on the new version of Face Intellect with ******** ********* ********* *******, *** ** **** ******* *** ****** ******* ** **** ** ********.
***** ** *** *********** ******** ** the ****** **********, **** ****** ****** Central ***** ******** **** ***** ********. There *** *** ************* **** ******* ethnic ****** ** ******, *** **** Intellect ****** *********** ******* **** ** differentiate **** **** ********.Our ******* **** *** ******* *** **** ** **************, does not develop such solutions, and has no such plans in the future.
***** ******** ***** ** * ********* translation ** ************* ** *** ***** facial *********** *******. [******** *****]
********* **** ** *** ** "****** access" ** *********** ***** *** ***** or ****** ***********. ********* *** *** say ***** *****-***** ****** *** ********* terms **** ********** ****.
****** (*/**/****): ********* ******** * ********* to ****, ********** *** *****-***** ******:
** **** *********, ** *** ****** and ********** *** ****** *********** **** included ********* **********. ************* ********* ********* *** **** **** at * ********* *****. ** **** already ******* *** ********** ** ********* analytics **** *** *************.****/********* ********* **** ******* **** ******** in **** *********.
NtechLab ******** **** ******** '****'
********** * ******* **** *********** *** computer ****** ******* ******* ** ****. It ********* ******** ********** **-**** *** **** ******************** ***** ******* ***** **** ******* ** ************ ********. It ** ****** ****** ** *** Russian **********'******** ****** ********** ******* *** ****,***+ ****** ********* ********** ** ******.
********'*********-********* ************ ** *********** *** ******** ******** ********** ******** the ********** ** *********** "*********":
******,********'* *********** ******** ******** ******** * ******* *** "race":
******** *** *** ******* ** ******* requests. ** **** **, ** **** add ** **** ******.
****** [*/**/****] ******** ******** * ********* to ****, ******** *** ********* ************* exists ** **** "***** ****" *** that *** ************* *** "***** *********" to * ********.
******** ** * **** ** **** scientists *** ********** ********** ***** ***** work *** ******* ** ********* ** making *** ***** * ****** *** safer *****.
********* * ******* *******, ******** *** grown **** ** ************* ******** **** employees **** *** **** *** *****, from ******* ****** ******. *** ****** is ** **** **** **** *** NTechLab’s ***** ********* ****** ** *** best ** *****, *** ** ****** work ** ******** *** ****** ** false *********, *** *** *** ******** use ********** **** * ***** ******** per ******* (**⁹) ***********. *** ********** tools,such ** *********** ** ********* (****) ** ****** **** ** ***** **** ** ****** *********** *** ****** *** **** ******** ** ***** ********* software for face recognition around the world, taking into account the individual characteristics of the person. So far, at the recent Face Recognition Vendor Test, conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), NtechLab’s face recognition technology showed the best performance on sophisticated datasets — “wild” and “child” — among all participants for large-scale verification.
********* *** ********,NtechLab *** ***** ********* ********* (****) *********** ** * ************* ** ** * ******** *** *********. Also, none of our clients has ever included this functionality in the project.
** ******* ************* *** *********** ******** on ****** *** *********** ********* *** use ** **** ***********, *** ** are ******* ** *********** ** **, and ** ********** **** *** **** practices *** *********.
Tevian "*********" **** ** '**** **************'
********* ******* ** **** ** ********* of ****** ***** **********, ********** *** business ** "***** ********" *******.** * ************** ********** *** '**** **************' ************, Tevian ********** ***** *** ******* ** define *********** ** *********. ** *** example *****, * ****** ** ********** as "*****" ***** **** ***** *********** such ** "******", "**-** *****", "**** glasses" *** "***** ****":
** ********, ****** ********* ********* ********* usage, ****** ** *****'* "**** **** end-customers" *** ******* *** **** *** cases **** *** ******* ***** ******** (post-incident), ****** *********, *** ***** ********* (e.g. * **** ****** **** * customer ** *** ************* ******* ****).
****** **** *** ******** *** "*** very *******" *** ****** ******** ** a '***** ****' ** * "**** of ********* **********" *** ******** "** don't **** ***** ** *** ******** use **":
** ******* **** ************* ***** **** other **********, ** ***'* **** *** separate ******* ** ******* *** ********* classification.So ** ***’* ****, ***** ** *** ******** *** **. According to information we have,it ** *** **** ******* *************. In many cases for our clients and consequently for us it was intended as a 'check ****' ** * **** ** ********* ********** (in comparison with other competitors), but in the end some of our main customers don’t support ethnicity estimation in their VMS solutions, so their end users can’t use it. [emphasis added]
********* ****** ********* ***** ** "*********" and "********", **** ******, *** ******* it ***** ** **** *********** *** to **** ******** *** **** ***** face *********** *******:
* *****, **** ********* *** ****, is * *********** *** ****, **** all ****** ***automatically ***** ******** ********, and law enforcement officers are signaled to check up on ethnic minorities. Fortunately, I don't think it is currently possible because of too broad ethnic groups (which are automatically classified) and low ************** ********* (which is ok for previously mentioned cases, but is far from enough for this case). But if algorithms improve a lot, it could become theoretically possible, which is *********. *** * *****, **** ** such ******************* *********** ******** ***'* *** ****** classification, ******* **** ******** **** **** photos ** **** ****** *** ** would ** ****** (*** **** ********) to *** **** **** ***********. [******** added]
VisionLabs' '********* *********'
************ * ******-*******, *********** **'* ******** vision ********* **** ***** *** *** face ***********. **** *** *** ****** East ******* *** **% ** ***** sales, ***** ******* *** ***** **%, and ***** *******’* ******* ** ***** 60% ********** ******* **% **********, *** company **** ****.
** * ******* ************** *** ******* **** *********** ********, VisionLabs ********** ********** ** "********* *********" which ****** ** ********* ******* * person's **** ** "******", "*****", "*****", or "*****":
********** **** *** "********* *********" *** used ** ***** **** *********** *********** across *********** "** ********* *** **********", saying ** "*** *** **** * single *******" *** *** ******* ***** its *********:
*** ********** ********* (****) ********* ****** as * *** ** ***** ***performance ** *** **** *********** ****** ****** ******* ***** ** ********* *** ********. Vision Lab’s face recognition engine quality for various races has been verified by the NIST FRVT Demographic Effects Report.
VisionLabs *** *** **** * ****** ******* ** *** **** ********* starting from its inception. It was developed in the mid-2018.
*** **** ********* ** ****** ******* in ****, ** *** *** ****** recognition ************ ** *** ****** *****.
Not * ****** **** ********* ******* *** **** to any commercial or government entity by VisionLabs. [emphasis added]
********** **** "** ** *** *********" Russian *********** "** *** *** **** estimators" **** *** **** *********, ********* Visionlabs, ****** ** *** ***** "*********** the **** ** ******** *** *** purpose ** ************** ** ******** ****":
** ** *** *********, ***Russian *********** ** *** *** **** ********** from any of the local (Russian) or global technology providers, including VisionLabs.
** ******** ** *** ****** ******* submitted *********, ** **** ***** **controlling *** **** ** ******** *** *** ******* ** ************** ** ******** ****. As well, we prohibit the use of our technology for military use and require that end-customers not use our products for any military applications [emphasis added]
Race *** ********* ** ******
****** ************ ****** ** ****** – ***** 20% – *** ********* ********. ***** **** **% *** ******** of ********** **** ** ******, *******, Uzbeks, ********, *********, ******, ****-********, ***, many *** ***'* **** ****** ********/**** tones **** *** *************** ‘******,’ *.*. below ** ******* ****** ******** *****:
******* ** *** **, ******* ****** are ********* ********** ** ***** ****** groups *** ***** *** ****** **************, e.g. ** ****,***** ****** ***** ********** "*********** ********" *** "****" ******* Asian ******* ******* *** ** ****, reports ******** ********************* ***** * ********* ******.
"Purpose-Made *** **************": ***** ****** ****** *********
***** ****** ****** ****** ******** **** this ********** ******** ********** *********** ** track *** ******* ********** ** ****** and *** ***** ********* ***** ***** such ************ ** *** ***** *****.**** ********, ******** ******** ** ******* *************, said *** ******** "********* *** **** racism ***** **** ***** *******":
*** ********underline *** **** ****** ***** **** ***** *******. Far from being benign security tools which can be abused, such tools are deeply rooted in some of humanity's most destructive ideas and purpose-made for discrimination. [emphasis added]
**** ********, ** ********** ** ******* *************, said **** **** ***** ********** "*******" with "***********" **** ****** ****** **** the ******* ** ********:
********** *** ***** **** **** ******* with * ***** ** ******** ** criminalitymay **** ******* ** ****** ***** ******, *** ******* ***** ******* ** ********, ******* as a result of the extensive usage of this technology [emphasis added]
**** *** ****** ******* ******** ********* China ************* *** ****************** **** *** *** ** '**** Color'********* ********, ** ******** ********** **** ******* ethnic ********** ** ********* *** ****** be *******.
Moscow ********* *******
******'*********** ** **********, ***** ******* *** ****'* ************ system ******* *********, ********* ** *******' ******* ******* generically ***** ****** *********** *** ******* addressing ******* **** **** ********* *********.
Ethnicity ********* * ***** ****** ****
*********** *** ******** ** ********* *********, as ***** ******* ********* **** ****, introduces ******* ******* ******, **** *** capability ***** ******* ***** ****** ********. Governments ******* ***** ******** ********* ********* undermines *** ***** *** ****** *** in ***** ************ *** ** * human ****** *******.
******: ********** ********* ***** *** **************** *** ******** *** ******* *** sale ** ***** ********:
********** ******** * *********** ******** **** high ********* ** ********** *** *********** of *** ****** ** *** ***-***** needs. **** ****, ** ******* *** use ** ******** ** ********* *** then ********* ** ********* *** ******* controls ** *** ******** *** *** respective ********. *****, ********** *** *** sold * ****** **** ********* ******* to *** ********** ** ********** ******.
* **** ********* "***********" ** "*** party *******" ***** *** ****** **** have ********* ********* ************ ** ****. One ** *** ***** ********* * ALWAYS *** *** ********* ******* **** does ************** ********* ** *** **** sort ***** ** ****. * **** the ****** ** ****** ****** ***** to ** "**" (*** *** **** so ***) *** *** **** ****** I *** *** ******** ** ** gage *** **** ****** **** **** put **** **. *** *** **** part **** *** *** ***** *'** seen *** *** ****/********* *** **** aware ** *** *** * **** racial/ethnic ************** ** *** **** *** pretty ******* **** ***** **** "***" do ** **** ******, ** ** something **** ** * ******* **** to **** ***, *** **** ****. Now **** **** **** ** ***'* still ******* ** *** **** *********? I ***'* ****, *** ******** ** very ***** ** *** ***** ** to ***** **** "***, **** **** have **** ******* ** *****" *** a ******* ****'* ******* * ***** engineers, ***** ****'** ***** ******* **** caught ******** ** *** ***** ****** it ** ***** ********** ** ********* is ****** ****.
* ******* *** *********. ****** ** ethnic ********* *** **** ******* **** set; ** ****'** ***** **** ********** that's ** ** *** **** *** has ******* ** ** **** *** manufacturer. *'* **** *** ***** ** hearing ***** ****. * **** ****** to ***** ******** ******** **** **** help ** **** *** *********** ** a ***** ** ******** * *** be ********* ** **** ***, ********** of ******* ** ** ****, *****, gender, *********, *** *****, **** ** clothes, **** ** *****, ******* **** were *****, ***, *****, *** ** egg-shaped ****, **** ****, *****, ***, skinny, *** ********, * ***** ***, I **** ** ***. **** *********** about *** ********* *********; **'* ****** another ********- **** ** **********. ********* remove *** ********* *** ******** ** all *******; ***'* ** **** ** black *** ***** *** ***** *** leave ** ** ****. ** **** far ***** ****** ** ***** ***** then ****** *********; ** ***** ** foolish ** ***** ********* *** ********. People *** * ******* ** ***** analytics ** ***** **** *** ******, everyday, ********** ** ***** ** ********** crimes ** ***** ******. ****** ** remove **** **** *** ****** ***? I'd **** ** *** ****. *'* like ** *** *** ****'* ****. We ****** *** **** ****** ** all ** ***** ***** ** ********* every *******.
*** *** ***** - *** ********** helps ** ******* ** *********** *****. The ******** ** - **** ** the "*****"? ** **** ******* ************* camps **** ********* *****, *** **** legal *** ****** ************ ***** *** just ****** ********* ** ********** ********** against ** ************* ******. *** *** know **** * ****** ***** **** "Crimea ** *** ******" ** ****** being * **** ** *** *******'* Witnesses *** **** *** ** "*********" which ** ***** **** * ******** in ***** ** ********* *** ***********? The **** **** *** ***** *** others...
*** ********** ****** ** *** "***" or "****". *** **** *** ****. Why ***'* ** **** ******* ******** to ***** ***** ****? *** ** someone **** - ***** ** ***** worried *****?
** *** **** **** *** *** people **** ***** *** ******, ********* the **********. ** ****** ***** ** how **** *** ********, ** *** and *** **** ****** **** *** technology ***** *** **** * ******** impact. ***** ******* **********. ** *** end ******* **** **** ***** ************ from ***** ********* ** **** ** someone, ********** ** ******* ******, **** a **** *** *** * *********.
*'* *** *** ** ********** **** position ****, **** ** ***** *** points ** ****:
*. **** ** *** **** ******* analytic ** **** ************. *********** *** race / ********* ** ******* *** be **** ** ******* **** ******. The ********* ********* ** *****'* ********** of ****** ******* ***** **** ***. It ** *** ** *** ** should ***** ******* **.
*. **** ******* *** ** ********** by ************ *********** **** *** ** baked **** *** ****** ******* ******. How **** ** ** ** *********** if ******* ** "*****" ** "******" or "***** *****"? *** **** ***** determined ** *** ***** *****, *** was *** ****** *******, **** *** the ******* ** *** ****, *** what ** *** *********** ** *** end *******? ********** ******* ** ***** 1, **** ** ** **** **** needs ***** *****.
*** *** ********* *** *** ****, and *** *** ****** ** ******* the **** ***.
* ***** ***** **** ***. ** we ******* ** ******* ****, *** not ******** ******, ****** ** *** be ****** *******? *** ********** *** be **** ** ******* ******!
** ******* ***** * ******** *** more *********** ** **** *** ******* he *** ** ******* / ******, excluding *** ********* *********** ****** ** at * ******* ************. ******* *** should ****** ***** ** *** ******* technology ** ********** ******* ** ******* the ******** *** *** ********* *** are ** '**** *********', *** ******* it *** *** ** **?
"*** ********** ****** ** *** "***" or "****". *** **** *** ****. Why ***'* ** **** ******* ******** to ***** ***** ****? *** ** someone **** - ***** ** ***** worried *****?"
*** ********** ** ***** ** ******** from *** **********. *** ************* ***** were ******** *** *** ******** ****** and **** **** *** **. *** concentration ***** ********** *** ******* ****** did ********* ***** *** *****. ******* and ***** ** ********* *** ***. Cars ****, ** ** **** ******* cars? ******** ****, ** ** **** selling ****? ****** ********* ****..** ****, they ***'* ****; ****** ***** **** for ********* ******* ****, ***** ***** tools **** ****, *** **** ** the ***** ** *******. ** ** stopped ******** *** ******* ******** **** could ** **** ** **** ** placed ** *** ***** *****, ***** would ** ** ***** *** ** technology **** ** ***** **** *** good **** ***** *** ***** *****. I **** *** *********. * ** not ******* ** ******* ****** *** have ***. ** * ** *** it's *******, * *** ***** ****, not *** ******* ****** *** **********. If * *** *** ********** *** don't ***** *** **** ***** **, I ** **. **** ******* ***** is * ****** * ***** **** someone ** * "******" ** *** a ***** ****** *** ** ********* non- ********* ********** ** *** ***** and *** ** **** ** **. This ** *** ********** **** "************" kills ** ******. * *** ************ kills *** ** ***** *** **** in ******'* ******** **** ***** ** use ****. ** ****** **** ********** ai ******* ****** *** *** **. Now ** *** ***** **. ** after *** ****** ****** ************ *** crimes *** ***** ******** *** ******* that *** ***** **** ** ********** the ******.
**** ****, ***** *** *** *** article *** ******* ** ******** ** were ************ ** ***.
*** ******* *** **** ** ***** lengths ** ****** **** *** ********** are **** **** **** ****** **** and **** ** ** *** **** a '****' (** '*******') ****** *********. Frankly, *** ******** ** *** *** and ****** ******* **** ** ************* as * *** ** **** ***** in ****** **** ********* ** *********. The ****** ****, ****** * ************* of ****, *******, *** *** ****** are *** ****** ********** *********** ***** are **** ***** **** **** ****** evidence ******* ** * ****** *****. Obviously, *** **** ******** **** *** better *** *** **** **** ** training **** ** ** ******** ** the ******** - ********* ***** *** line, ****** **** ** ****** ****** and **** ************** *** ******** *******-***** in *** ** ****** ** ***** to ******.
**** **** ** *** ** ******** indicator ** ****** **********; * ***** is *** ** ******** ******* ** 'happiness'; ******** *** *** ** ******** determination ** ***; **********, ******** *** facial **** *** *** *********** ******** indicators ** ******. *** ** ***** are **** ******* ** **** *** estimations ** **** *********** *******.
**** ***********, ** **** **********, **** image ******** *** **** **** ******** to ******* ***** **** ********** *** personal ******* ** *** *********** ****** that *******. **** ** *** **** to *** ****** - **** * sample ***** ***** *** ****** ****** in *** ******* (*** ** **** matching) ** **** *** ****** ***** match * ****** ****** ***** (*** to *** ********). ******** *** ******* access *******, ************ ** ******** ** secure ********* ************, **** *** *********** of ************* ******* ********** ******** ******** (frequent *****, **** ******, ***.) *** have * ***** ** ******* *** do *** **** ** ******** ** these ***** ********* ** ** **********.
**** *** *** ** **** ******** by *** *********** *** * ********** place ** *******, *** *****, **** not ******* *** ************** ** ***** fuzzy ********* ** **** ******* *****. Many ***** *** *** ******* *** approached ** *** * **** ********* Chinese ****** ********* **** ** *** towards ********* *** ******** ** ********** our *******. ***** ******** *** * in ***** *** ****** *** *********** arc ** **** *** ********* *** governmental ***** ** ******* ****** *** conversations *** ****** ******* ** ***** business **** *** ***** ********.
****** ***, * ** *** ******* there ** *** ********** ***** *** analytics **** '****' *** *******. * think ***** ** **** ******* ********** use *** *** *** ****** *********. If ***** *** *** **** ******* who *** **** *** **** *** race *** ******* ********* * ***** like ** **** ****.
** **** **** ********* ** ****** of *********, *** **** ***** **** this *******. ** ** *** **** on ***** ***** ****. ** ** not ********* ********* ***** ** ******** in *** ***. ** ** *** even ********* ********* *********, ** **** feature ** **** * *****-***** ***********. Looks **** * ************* *****, **** than * ******** *****. **** **********, we *** ** ********* *******. ** Mora, ****
** ** *** ********* ********* ***** or ******** ** *** ***.
********* ***** *** ************* *.*, ********* ******** *** *** ****** integration ******** '****' ********* (********* ******* these ******* ***** ** */**/**** ***** they **** ******* *** ******* ** our *****). *******, * ****** ****** still ***** *** *********:
** ** ***** ******************** ****, *** **** ******* *** ********:
** ** *** **** ********* ********* developed, ** **** ******* ** **** a *****-***** ***********.
**** *** ** *** **** - I ***** ********* ** ******* ***** 3rd ***** ****** **** **** **** so ** ***** *********** *******. *******, they *** *** *******.
***** **** * ************* *****, **** than * ******** *****.
********* ****** **** *** "*************" ********** - ***** ** ********* **** * "documentation *****". ***** *** ******** ******** listed ** *********'********* *****(**'* ********* *******)- ***** ******* ************ *** **** feature *** **********.
'****' ** **** * ******* ******** in ********* **** ********* ************** *****, ***** '*.*.* ********** ** *** recognition *******'
*** *** *****. ** ***’* **** this ******* ** *** ***** ******* AxxonNext. ** ***** ****** ** *** previous ********** ****** ****** *********, *** we *** ***** ** ****** ** in **** *******.
********* ******* ******** ****** ** ***** ago. ***** **** *********** ****** ** integrated *** ******** **** *******. ** than **** ** *** *** **** known ******. ***, ****** *** ********* was **** ** **. ***** *********, who ******* ** ******* **** ********, included **** ************ ****.
**** ** **** ****** *********** **** assumption **** “******** *** ********* **** us”.
******: ********* ******** * ********* ** IPVM, ********** *** *****-***** ******:
** **** *********, ** *** ****** and ********** *** ****** *********** **** included ********* **********. ************* ********* ********* *** **** **** at * ********* *****. ** **** already ******* *** ********** ** ********* analytics **** *** *************.****/********* ********* **** ******* **** ******** in **** *********.
****** [*/**/****] ******** ******** * ********* to ****, ******** *** ********* ************* exists ** **** "***** ****" *** that *** ************* *** "***** *********" to * ********.
******** ** * **** ** **** scientists *** ********** ********** ***** ***** work *** ******* ** ********* ** making *** ***** * ****** *** safer *****.
********* * ******* *******, ******** *** grown **** ** ************* ******** **** employees **** *** **** *** *****, from ******* ****** ******. *** ****** is ** **** **** **** *** NTechLab’s ***** ********* ****** ** *** best ** *****, *** ** ****** work ** ******** *** ****** ** false *********, *** *** *** ******** use ********** **** * ***** ******** per ******* (**⁹) ***********. *** ********** tools,such ** *********** ** ********* (****) ** ****** **** ** ***** **** ** ****** *********** *** ****** *** **** ******** ** ***** ***************** *** **** *********** ****** *** world, ****** **** ******* *** ********** characteristics ** *** ******. ** ***, at *** ****** **** *********** ****** Test, ********* ** *** ******** ********* of ********* *** ********** (****), ********’* face *********** ********** ****** *** **** performance ** ************* ******** — “****” and “*****” — ***** *** ************ for *****-***** ************.
********* *** ********,NTechLab *** ***** ********* ********* (****) *********** ** * ************* ** ** * ******** *** *********. Also, none of our clients has ever included this functionality in the project.
** ******* ************* *** *********** ******** on ****** *** *********** ********* *** use ** **** ***********, *** ** are ******* ** *********** ** **, and ** ********** **** *** **** practices *** *********.
** ************* ****** ** ***** ********** to ******* **********, *** ******* ******* issues *** ******** ***** ******? ***** companies *** ***** ** ******* *** demand *** **** ************?
* ******* ** ** ******* ********* authoritarian ******* *** *** *****...