Private LTE/5G Networks For Physical Security Examined
While WiFi and public cellular are often used for physical security systems, private LTE/5G networks are emerging aiming to offer greater reliability and security. But how do these private LTE/5G networks work?
In this report, we examine what private LTE/5G is, what is its pros and cons, and what the outlook for this technology based on our interviews with several private network providers as well as multiple robotics and cellular camera companies.
The topics covered in the report include:
- Background
- Private LTE/5G Advantages Compared To WiFi/Cellular
- Pricing
- Limitations
- Early Adoption By Schools During COVID And Events
- Private LTE/5G In Enterprise, Manufacturing, And Automation
- Private LTE/5G In Physical Security Industry In 2023
- Growing Demand And Positive Outlook
- CBRS Structure and Frequency Allocation
- Implementation Process
- RF Spectrum Analysis
- Spectrum Options
- Coverage Area And Network Load Studies
- RF Propagation Studies
- Hardware
- Providers
Executive *******
******* ***/** *** *** **** ********* for ****** ******* ************* *** ***** where ******** *** *********** *** * greater *******. *******, ***** ******** **** higher ******** ***** ***, *********, ***** be **** ********** *** ******* ************* or **** ******** ******* *** *********** or ********.
US, ******, ***** *******
***** **** ****** ******* ** *** United ******, ******* ***/** *** ********* in ******, ****, ***. *******, **** are ***** ********* ********* (******** ** the **), ** *** ***** *** ***** ***** ***** ******* ********. ********, * ******* ******* ********** CradlePoint,*********** ******* *** ** (***** ******* 5G ******** *** *** **** ****** adopted), *******, *****, *** **, *** Japan *** *** ***** **** ******** in *** ***-* ******** ** *** adoption ** ******* ** ********.
Background
******* *** ** ** ******** **********, with *** ************ ** ******** ********* Radio ******* (****) ** *** ** 2015 ******* *** ***** ** ******* LTE/5G ******** *** ******* ********, ** VP ** ***** *********(******* ******** **********)****** ********** ****:
********** ******* *** *** ******* ** the **** ********, *** ** *** CBRs ********, **'* *** ********* ** spectrum **** *** ********** ********* ** the ** ****.
******* *** *** **** *** ** setting ***** **** ********
**** ** ******* ******** ** *** *.**** ****(****-**** ***) **** ************ *** ********* for *** **** ************* ********, *** in **** *** ******* * ****** access ********* ** **** **** **** would ***** ********** ******** ** *** this ******** ** **** ** **** incumbents.
**** ***** ***** *** **** *******,*** **** * ******-**-****** ********** ********* ***** (*** ******* ***** ***** **** *************- ******** **** ~$*,*** *** * lightly ********* ****** ** ~$* ******* for *** ******* ******).
***** ********* **&*, *-******, *** ******* are *** ******* ****** *** *********, Bearcom **** ** ****, ** ****, it *** ********* ** ********* *** internet ********* **** ****** ***** **-**** licenses.
******, ********** ******* ******** ** *** ****** **** *******, *** *************, ********, Windstream, *** ******* ******* *** **** PAL ******** (***** **** ********* *** 48% ** ******** *******). *************, ***** companies ** *** *** **** ******** for ******* *** ********, ** *******'* VP ** ***** **** **. **** has ******* ******** ** ****, ** we ****** ******* ****.
******* *** ***** ******** **** *** of *** ********* ***** *** *** the ******* ******* **** ~$*.* ******* spent. ***** *** ******* *** *** licenses (~*% ** *** ***** ******), its **********, *-******, *** **** *. Moreover, **&* *** *** *** ***.
CBRS ********* *** ********* **********
****, *** ********** *** *** ******** of ******* *** ********, *** * three-layer ********* ** ******** ********* ************ between *****: **********, ******** ****** ******** (PAL), *** ******* ********** ****** (***), with **** ********** ********* ******** ** bandwidth ***********.
***** **** **** * (***) *** Tier * (***) *** *********** ********* for ********** ** ******* *** ***** private *** ********, *** **** * can ******* ******** ****** ** *** frequency *****, **** ******* *** ****** said **** *** ******** ** *** private *** *********** *** **** ** the ****** **** ** **** - Tier * ** ***.
*** ********* ** ***** *** ******* of *** ** * ***** ***** as ** * ******** ******* ** go **** ******** ****** ** *** frequencies, ** **** **** ** ****** purchase *** *** ****** ** ******** a ********* **** **** ** ******** PAL ******. ***, ** *** ***** hand, **** *** ******* ******* ********.
** ********* **** ** **** ** Spectrum ****** ****** (***) ***** "******* all *******-*** *************/**-*************, ******** *********, *** spectrum ******* ****** ** *** ***’* behalf", ** ******, * ******* *** provider, ********* ** ******** *****.
*** ** *********** *** ******** **** Navy ********** (** *** ** *** Navy ** *** ***** *** ******** in * ***** ********) ******* ******** in ********* *** ********, ** ** Engineering *** ************** ******** *********:
*** *** ****** ******** ****-******** ***** from ************ ** ***** * ****** network ** ****** **** ****-******** ***** are ***** *** ********. *** *******, one ****-******** **** ** *** ** Navy. **** *** ** **** ********* within *** ********, ***** ************* ******* priority **** ***** ********** **** *****. Essentially, *** *** ******** *** ******* transmissions ****** *** **** *** ********* usage ***** ** *** ********** ****’* priority ******.
Private ***/** ********** ******** ** ****/********
******* ******** *** ********** ** **** several ********** ******** ** ************ *********, such ** **** *** ****** ********, including:
- ******** ********
- ****** ****** **********
- ****** *********, ***** *******, **** ************
- ***** **** *** **** ** ************
- ******** **********
- ******* ** **** ************ ** ****** locations (******** ** ****** ********)
********** ****** ** *** ******* **** through ********** *** ***** ** **** allows ******* ******** ** **** (*) additional ******** *** (*) ****** ********** and ********** ** *** ******* ** the *******.
******* ******* *** **** **** ***** than **-** ******, *** ******* ******* providers' ******. *********, ***** *** *** needed ** ***** *** **** **** than ************ *********. *** *******,******(******** ** ******* ***/**)****** ** ***** ** ****** ******** ******* ***/** ** ******** ** Wi-FI **:
**-** ** ********* *****-***** *** ****** up ** ** **** *** *****. LTE *** ** **** ********* ** greater ***** ****** ******** *** ******* lower **** ***** ** *** **** edge ** ****** ***** ***** ***** and ******* ************ - ** ** 25K **** ******* *** ** ** 1M **** ********, **** * ******* LTE ****** *****.
** ***** ** ** ****** *** private ********, ** *** ************* ******* the **** ** *****-***** ********** ******** to **** *** ******** (*** ***** of ******* ******** **** ** ********* further ***** ** **** ******), *** providers *****.
***********, ******* ******** *** ***** ******** with ****** *********, ***** *******, *** less ************ ******** ** ************ *********. In *** ******** ******** ********, ****** bandwidth *** ***** ******* ** ******* networks *** ** ************ ********* *** video ************ ********, ** ***** ********* requires * *** ** ********* (****: even ****** ******* ******** ***** **** bandwidth, ***** ** ***** * *****).
******* ******** ******* ** ******* *********** different **** ************ **** ** *** and **** *********** ******* ******* *********** - **** ***** ** **** ********** and ************ **** ******* ********.
******* ******** **** ***** ******** ********** to *** *****, **** ** ******** or **********, *******, ****** ****, **** have *********** ******* **** ******* ******* APs, ** *************** ** *** *******, ******** **** **** ** *** lost ** *** *******. *********, ******* told ****:
*** **** **** ******** ******* ****** points [** *** **** ** ******* networks ******** ** ************ ****], ** that ***** **** ******* ************, *** as **** ************ ******
*******
***** ******* ******* ******* ** *** deployment *****, **** ** ********** (*******/****** and **/***), *** *** ****** ** supported *******,*********** **** **** ******* ******** *** priced ** ***** $***,*** ** ******** for * ********** ***********.
******** ******, ***** ******** ***-**-*** *********, did *** ******** ***** ****** *** deployments, ** ********* **** ***** ***** is * ************-***** ***** **** ******** hardware, *******, ********** ********, *** ********, is ****** ** * *** ** basis, *** *** ***** *** **** significantly - ******** **** * ****** of ******** ** ******** **** ** thousand ******* *** **.
***********
******* ****** **** ******* ******* ***-**** devices *** ***** *** *********** ** private ********, ** **** ****** *** Bearcom **** ****. ******,**** ***************** *** ***-**** **************** ** ******* ** ****. ** the ****** ****, ** ******* ****, one ***** **** * "******" *******, as****** ********* ** *** *******, ** *** ******* **** ** seamlessly ********** ** ****** ******** **** the ****** ***** *** ******* ******* coverage ****. ** *** ** ****, CBRS-supported ******* ****** ***** ************ ***** away, **** **** ** ** ********** by *** ***** - **** "*****-**" with *** ************* ******** ***** **** AP ********* **** ************ ****.
** ******* ******** *** ***** ** "emerging **********", ** ******* ************* ** to **, ***** ** ******* ********** in **** ******** ** ************ **** and ********. ****, *********' ** ***** might **** ******** **** **** ******* LTE/5G ********* ** *** ** ****** the *********** ** *** ******* *******, which *** **** **** **** *** expenses.
******, *** ****** ** ******* ******** deployed **** **** ******* **** ********* facilities ***** *** ********* ***** ** the ******** ** ***** *** ** relative *********. ***** **** ** *** an ***** ***** ***, *** ************* of ******* ******** *** **** *** bandwidth * ******* *********, ********** *** installation's *****. ****, *******, *** ** solved ** *** ********* **** *********** to ******* ********.
Early ******** ** ******* ****** ***** *** ******
******* **** ** **** *** ** the **** ****** ************ ** ******* LTE/5G ******** * *** ***** ***, when *** ******** *******, **** ******* that **** ****** ** ***** ****-**** connectivity ****** *** ******* ****** ********:
** ***** ** ** *** ******* LTE, ** *** ****** ****** *******. But ******* *****'* *********** ** **** a ******** **********, ******. **** **** approaching ** [**] ******* ************ ** students ** ***** ***** ******* ** COVID. **, ****'** ****** ** ******* last-mile ************.
************, ******* ***/** ************* ** ****** and ******** **** (*** ***** ***) popular ** ****** ******** ** **-** sometimes ****** ******* * ***** ****** of ******* *** ****** **** *** visitor ********** *** ************* ** ***** operations (**************, *********** *****, ***.), ** Bearcom **********:
*** ** *** ****** **** **'** seen ** ** ************ ******* ***** with **** ** *** ******** ***** in ****, ** *** ******. *** so ** ******** **** ****** *********, multiple ******, ******* *** ******** **** we *** ******, ** ** ******* concert ***** ** ******* ********* ************ for *** ******** ** *** ***** operations.
** **** ** *** ** *** earlier ************ **** **'** **** *** this [******* ***]
Private ***/** ** **********, *************, *** **********
*************, ********** **********, *** ******** **** a **** ****** ** ******* ********** are *** ******* ********* **** *** looking *** ******* ***/** ***** ***, as ******* ******* ********************************** ** ****.
******'* ******** ** *********,***** ********, ****:
*** ********* ********* *** ****** ****** a ***** ** ******** ******* (*************, logistics, ******, ************ *******, ***.). ** the ****** *** *******, **’** ***** the **** ** ********* **** *** most ******* ************ *** **** *** private ******** *** “**********” *********** **** as **********, ************ *******, ************* *****, ports, ********, *** ***** **** **** very ***** ************ *** “******** ********” applications *** *** **** **** ******* mobility.
***** ***** ** ********* *** ********* our ** *** (******* ********) ****** in * *** *** ** ****** automate ***** **********, ***** **** ** market *** ******** ************. *** ***** such ** ********, ********* *******, ********* guided ********, ********, *** ********* ********** as **** ** *** ******** ************ for ***** ******* ******** ****** **-** and ****** ******** ******** *****, ** to *** **** ****** **** ** the **** **** ****** ******* *** organizations.
*********, *******'* ** ** *****, ******, told **:
*** **'** **** ********* **** *********** say: "****, *'** *** ******* *********** network ********** **** * **** ** segregate **** ********** ****". *** *** ability ** **** * ******* **** high **********, **** ********, *** *******, for **** ** ***** ******** ******** making ********** ** ********* *** ****.
**** ** *** ************* **** **'** having *** *** ***** ********* *** trying ** ******** *********, *** **** may ** ****** ** ** **** with ********* *********. ***** ****'** ****** to *** **** **** ** ******** to **** ***** ** ********* ****** a *******. **** *** ** ****** to ******** ***** ** **** ** some *********. ** **'* ****** ***** types ** ************ **** ****** *** really **** ** ****** ** *** starting ** ******* ******* ***
**********, ***** ******, *** ********** *** other ******** ** ******** ************ *** private ********, ** *** ******* **** a***** ***** ** ******* ********* *****:
Private ***/** ** ******** ******** ******** ** ****
**** ******** ***** ******** ** *** current ******** ** *** ******* ***/** in *** ********. *** *******, **************, * ******** ** ******** *******, told **** **** **% ** *** customers **** ******** *** ***** ************,***********(* *****-***-******** *******) ********* **** **** 15% ** *** ********* **** ** private ********.
******, * ********* ********** ** ******** cameras, **** ** **** **** *** not ******* ** ******* ***/** ******* it ***** *****, *** ****** ** fully ******:
******* *** ***** ***** (*** *** server) *** ** ******** ********* *** industrial ************ (*.*. ******* **** ********) as ** ******** *******. ** *** a ***** ****** ******* ** ** is *** ********* **** ** *** looking **.
******* *********** *** *** ****** ******* not ** ****** *** ******* ******** is **** **** *** **** ********-***** oriented, *** ******* ***/** ***** ***** only *** ***** ********** (** *****, at **** ******).
*** **** ********** ** *********, ***********, and ******, *** *** ******* *******:
- ********* ****** ***** ************ *******
- *********** ******** ***** ******* ****
- ****** ($*** ******* *******) ** ************ Camera ******** *******
Growing ****** *** ******** *******
******** ********* **** **** ***** ****, both ********* ** ******* *** *** video ************ *** ******** *********, ****** that ***** ** * ******* ****** for ******* ***/**.
*** *******, ****** **** ** **** they **** **** ******* *** ******** in *** **** ** ** ** months:
** *** ****** *** ********* ** devices **** *********************** ************ *** *** *********** ** 4G/5G ********** ****** ***** ******** **************, Celona *** **** *** ******** **** than ****** **** *** **** ** to ** ******. *** *** ****** is **** **********.
********, *** ******* ********* **** **** are ****** ** ******** ** ****** for ******* ********, ************ *** ***** surveillance *** ******** ******** (** *********** measurements **** *****).
*********, ******* **** **** *** ***** of ******** ** ******* ***/** ** "night *** ***" **** **** ** was *** ***** ***:
*** ***** ** ******** *** ******** is ***** *** *** ********* **** where ** *** ** ****** ***. So **'* ****** ******* ** **** steam
****** ********' ********* ********* ** **** ** ******** ** "substantial ********" ** ******* ***/** *** outdoor ********:
* ******* ******* *** **** *** substantial ******** *** ******* ******** **********. It ***'* * ******* (*.*. ** has ********* ********* ***********, ** *** can't **** *** ** ******* **********), but *** ******* ****** ********* *** costs *** **** ******** ***********.
********, ** ******** **** ******* ***/** will ** * "******* ****-**** ********" for *** *********** "****** *** ****** of * ********":
* ***** ******* *** ******** **** be ********* ** ** * ****-**-**** basis; *******, *** *** *********** ****** the ****** ** * ********, ** will ** *** ******* ****-**** ********.
******,******* *******, *** ** *****-***-******** **************, **** ** **** ******* ***/** is "******" ** ********** **********:
** ********** ******** ** ******* *** yet, *** [*] ******* ** ** coming ** ***** ******* *** ******* with ***** *** ****** ******* ** automation ** ******* **** *** * possible *** ******** ****.
****** *** *** ********* ** ******* LTE/5G *********** ******* *** *** *********.
*** **** ********** ** ****** *** Asylon, *** *** ********:****** ****** ******** ** ******** ***** Market (**** *******),****** *****/******** ******* *******.
Implementation *******
*** ************** ** * ******* *** network, ***** *** **** ******** **** one **** ** ******** ******, ******** of ******** *****, ** ******* **** us, *********:
- ** ******** ********
- ******** **** *** ******* **** *******
- ** *********** *****
- ************
******* ***** **** ********* **************' ********** ** ******* ********(*********** ** * ******* ******* ******** and ** * ******* ** ********).
RF ******** ********
** **** ******* ****, ** ******* told **, *** ******* *** *********/********** inquire ***** ********* *********** ** * given **** **** ***** ********* *** use. **** ** **** ******* ***, as *** ******* ********* ** **:
** ** **'** *****, ** **'** getting ***** ** ****** ******* *** system, *** ** *** **** ***** things **** ** ** ** **'** go *** ***** *** ** **** contact *** *** *** **'** *** Okay, *** *** *** ***** ******* holders ** ***** ******* ******* ***** any ** ***** ********? *** *** else *** ******* *** ******** ** the **** **** ** **** ** consider? *** ** ****'** ******* **** information **** *** **** ** **** come ** **** * * ******** usage ****
Spectrum *******
***** **** ** *** ******** *** the ******** ** ******* ********, ***** are ***** ******* ** ****** * private ***/**, ********* ***** ******** ** unlicensed ********.
*** ******* ***** ************ ********* ******** options *** * ***** ************:
***** * ******** ******** ******** *** highest ***** ** ******** *** ********, however, ** ** *** **** ********* option, ** *** *** ** *** for ******** ********. ****** *********, **** as ****, *** ******* ** ************-**** spectrum **** **** ******** ****** (** one *** ***). ******, *********** ** unlicensed ******** *** *** ******** ****** but *** *** **** ****** *** least ******** *** *********** *** ******* amount ** ********** ** *** ********.
Coverage **** *** ******* **** *******
***** ******* ** *** ********* ********, the *** ********/********* ********* *** ************ area **** ***** ** ** ******* and *** ******* ******** ****** ** devices ** *** **** ** * given ****** ** ****.
**** *** **** *** *** ****** of ******* *** ******* **** *** greatly ****** *** ***** ** *** network, **, *** *******, *** **** that ***** ** ** ******* *** a ****** ** ******* ****** ******** is *** ******* **** * ****** manufacturing *****. ** *** ***** ****, a ************ ****** **** * **** number ** ******* ** *** ******* (including ****** *** *******) *** ******* more ******* ****** ****** **** * typical ********** ***********.
RF *********** *******
** *** **** **** ***** ** the ****** ************, ******* *** *********/*********** conduct *** *********** ******* ** *** what **** ** ******** ** ******** and *** **** ***** ** **.
Hardware
*** ******* ******* **********, *** ***** multiple ****** ** ********, ********* * cellular **** *** ****** ******.
******* ******* *** **** ******* ** conventional **** ****** ******, *** *** outdoor ***********, **** *** ** ****** on ****** **** ***** **** **** cellular ****** (****** ******* ****):
*** ******** **** ***** ***** ******* to ************ ****** *****:
Providers
***** *** ******* ********* ** ******* LTE ********, *********:
* ***’* ***** *** **** ** we ***’* **** **** ******** ** program ** ********* *** ** ************* the ********* ** ******* ******* ** 5, ** *** ***** ***** ***’* much.
**** ** **** ** *** *.****, so * ****** ****** ** **** can ** ****; *** ** ****** a **** **** ***** ******* ** much **********.
****** ******* *********** ** ****** ** most *** ******* **’* ** *********** with *** ****** ** * **** power ***** ***** **** -***** ******* low ************ *** ****** **********.
***** ** **** ** * ***** compromise ******* **** ***** *** ** (LTE) *******.
****** *** **** *****, *’* **** at *-**** ******* **** **** *******
**** ******** *** **** ********* **** large **********, *******, ***** ************, *** interference ********** *** ******* ** ******. Moreover, *** **** ******* *** ** the *******, *** ****** *** *******.
***** *** * *** *********** ******* authored ** ****** *** ********* ** IEEE (*,*). ***** ** ** ******* **** one ** ****:
*** ******* ********* **** *** ********* implementation *********** **** ** *** **/** traffic ********* ** *** **-** *******, instability ** *** ******, * *********** number ** ****** *****, *** ********* latency ** *** *****-********* ******* *****. It ** **** ****** ********** ** mobility **** ***** ***** ****** ******* roam **** *** **-** ****** ***** (AP) ** ******* **. ** *** other ****, ** **** ****** *** mobility **** *****, *** ****** **** rate ** **** ** ************ *** at *** ******* ****** ***** **** TDD ***** ********** ** ****** ****** Control (***) **********.
*** ****** ******* *** **** *********** who ** ***** **** *** ****? I ***** *** ***'** ***** ** wrong ** *** ***.
**** ******* ** *** ** ***** for ***** ***********. ** **** ******** for ***** **** ** ****** ******* systems **% ** ****** ***** ** deploying ***/**** ***** ** *** ************ where ****** **** ************* **** *********.
*** ****** * *** ******* **** said ********* *** ******* **** *** I *** ****** ** ** ****** up( ***'* ********). * ***** *** device ** *** *****. *** ****** was *** *****. ** ** ****** up *** ***** ** *** * lot ** ********* ** *****'* *****.
@******,
*** ***** ***** *** **** ** consider ** * **** ****** ***** the '**-**' *** **** **** *-***-*-* doesn't **** **'* **-**; *** ******* the ******* ******** *** *** ***** is ****** ******** ******** ** ******* Networks **** ***** ***** **** ********* chips. **** **** ******* **** *** 802.11AC/AX **** *****'* **** **'* ******** using ***.** ********* ** ******** *** the *** ** *** *******.
* ****** **** **** **** *** can *** *** *** ** ** U-NII-1-4 ******* ****, ** *** *** n46.
**** * *** ******** **** ****** can **** ** *** ** ***** too.
** **** *********** ******* ******** ** Celona **** ******** ***.** **-** *** comparison, **** ***** ** ** ********** biased *** ********** *****.
******* ******* **** *'** ***** * think *** * ****** **** ** head. ***** ****** **** *** ** this **** ** ****, *** **'* always *********** ** *** **** **** in *** ****. * **** **** it's ******* ** **** ** *** day ***** ********* *** ****** ***** rooms *** ********* *** ***** ***** and ********** ***** **************. *********** **** for *** ******* ********** *** **** you're ** ******** ******* ** **** band.
***** *** *********** ***** ******** **** in **, * ***** *** ***** being **** ** * *** ** uplink * ****** **** ****** * large ****** ** ********** **** ***** Wifi ******'* ** ** ******** ** may **********, *** ***** ** *** feasible.
* ***** *** *** **** ***** though **** **** **** ** **** really **** ** ********* ** ****** use ***** ***** ** ***** ** so **** ***********. *******, ** *** may **** ** **** "* **** tower ***" ** *** ****** *** some ** ***** **** ****** ******.
* ***** *** ********* **** ** may ** **** *** ****** ******** but **'** ******** ** * **********. A **** *********** *** ****** ***** be **** *********, ******** **** ** NR ** ****** ********* ** ***** or *** ** ***** ** *** will ****** ** ****** **** **
*** ******* "****** **********" **** ****/********** but * **** *** ** *** this. *** ***** *** ***** ******* higher ********** ** ****?