*** *** ********** ** **** ***** are:
- *** ****:*** **** ****** ** (**********) **** users ********** ** ***** ****** ******** to ******.
- "**** ******" ********: ***** ********** ** "********", **** risk ** ********** ********* *** **** users *** *********** **** ****'* "******** through *********".
** ********, *** *** ********** ** iClass ***:
- ********* ********:****** ****, ****** **** * *** or ***** ****** ********** ** **** data, *** **** * ****** ****** can ****** *** ******, ******* ** is ****** * '*****-*****' **********.
- **** ********: ****** ******** **** ****, *** subsequently **** *******, **** ****. ***** is ****** **** ** ** ****** card ** ***** **** *********** *** a ****** ** ********* ******* ***** from **** ***
Prox ** (*****) ****
******* ***** ********* ** ****** ** 'next ********** *********', *** ******** ** all ****** ******* ********* ********* ***** use '**** **' ****** ***********. ** a ****** ***** ****** ************ **********, ~75% ** ********* ********* **** ***, design, ** ******* *** ******* **** use *** *** **** ***********. ***** **** designers *** *** ***** *** ***** of ***** '***********' ********** *******, **** are ******* ** *** ********** *********** between *** *** *** ****** ******** to *** *** **** ****** **** are ******** ****.
************
* **** **** ** ******'* **** uptake ** * ****** ** *** closely ** ********* **** ********** ** the *** **** *** ****** ***. Both ******* *** '***********' *********** ********* used ** ****** * ****, ***, or ***** ** ***** ********* ** an ******. ** **** *******, ** look ** *** *** ******* **** are ****** ******* ****** *******:
**** ******:* **** **** *** ** ****** **** '****' identical ** ** ****** ******* ******. While *** **** ******* ** *** credential ** ********* *********** ** *** card, *** ****** ****** *** **** Wiegand ** ***** *** **** ****** to *** ****** ******* **** ***.
**** *****:**** * ********* ***********, ****** ******* further ********* **** ****, ******* ** reality *** ****** *** **** ***** to ****. ******* ** **** '***********' credentials *** ********* ******* ** *** reader, *** ***** **** ** ***** to *** ****** ** ***** ** work. **** *********** ****** **** **** ranges *** ********* ******* *.**" - 6.0", ******* ********* ******* **.*" - 24.0" *** ******** **** ****** (******* powered) ***********.
***********
*******, ******* *** ******* *** ******* to ***-*****, ***** *** **** ********* differences ******* *** ******* *********:
- *********
- **********
- *******
- ****
*********: *** ****** ******* ********** ******* *** two *********** ** ************ ***** *********, where **** ** * *** ********* 125 *** *** ****** ** **** frequency ** **.** ***. *** ****** frequency ****** ****** ************ ****** *** greater *********, **** '****' ** *********** are **** ** ** ********* ******* card *** ****** ** * ********* quicker ****** ** ****.
**** *********** ***********, * ***** ** band ********** ***********. *** *** ** ******* **** ***** ** ************* **.** ***, *** *** ********* to **** *** * ********** ** scan ** * **** **** ** seconds. ******** ****** ******* ** * high ***** ** ********** ** *****, ** Prox *********** *** ******* ** *** data ****** ** *********** **** ********. As * ******, *** ******* ****** of **** *** **** ** ********* 64 *** ******** ** ****, **** beneath *** *** ***, *** *** or ******* *********** ******** ** *** iClass ********.
*** ****** ********* **** ******** * less '*****' ***** ****. ** **** environments, ********** **********,******* **** ******* ******** ********** ************ ** ******* *** *** readers **** ***** ********. ****** ********* iClass ********* ******* ***** ********.
**********: **** *** ************ ** ********* *** speed, ****** ****** ********** ******* '***-**-***-******' ******* ******* ***** ** ******** unencrypted *** *** ***********. *** ****** this *********** ** *********** ******* *******:
"*** ************* ******* ** ****** ****** and **** ** ********* ***** ** algorithm. *** *********** ******* *** **** and ****** ****** ** “*******” *** replayed ** * ******. *** ********** protocol **** ****** **-*** **** ****** numbers *** ****** **** *** ****** authentication. (**, **** **** ***** ** the ****/******)"
* ********** ******** ******* *** *** formats ** ***** *****. **** ****, all ************ ** ***********. *******, **** iClass, *** ************ ** ********* *** only *** ** ********* ** *** reader **** * ******** '***' ** shared ** *** **********:
****, **** ***** ***** ******'* *************** *** '***********' ******* ****** ********** and ******:
*** ********** ******* "****" (**** ** the "*********" ** *** ***** *****) is * ******* *** ******** **** Prox. ****** ********* ******** ** ******** the '******** ****' ******** ******* ************ ** **** ********* *********** ******** ******** *******.
*******: *** ******* **** ***** *** ********* of *** **********; ** ***** *****, iClass ***** ****** ** **** ** Prox ******* *** **** *****. * user ****** ****** ******* **** **** to ****** *********** ******* **** ********* every ******. *** **** ** ** iClass ****** ** ********* **** ********* that ** **** ******, *** ******* price ***** ***** **% ******.
*******, *** ***** *** **** ********* are *** **** *** **** *******, and *********** ********* *** * ***** process ** ********** *** ****** ****** in *** **** ***** ** *** removed ****. *** *** ****** **** factors *** **** *** ********* ** ****** ********, and ********* ******* *** **** ** 'bolthole-to-bolthole' *******.
******* ******* *** ******** ** ********** *********** **************. ** **** **** **** *********** simplify ******* *** *********, *** ****** credential ********** ** ****** **** **** - ****** **** ******* ******** ** be ****** * *** **** ** once, *** ****** ********* ******* ** card ******* **** ******* *** ** followed.
****: ******* * ***** ********** ************* **** than ****, ****** ********* ***** ****. Because ** *** ********* **********, *** kHz credentials **** **** **** **** ***** than **.** *** ** ******* *** right ********* *****. ****** *********** *** less ********* ********** **** ****, *** despite ****** ******, *** **** ** manufacture ** *****. ** ******** *****, HID ******* ******* *** ****** ******* at **** *** **** ******, ******** in ****** ***** ****** ** ********* ****** higher. *** ***** ***** ***** typical ******** ******* ** ******** *****:
Average ********* **** **********
| | **** ** | ****** |
| ***** | $*.** | $*.** |
| ******* | $***.** | $***.** |
Should * *******?
**** ****** *** ******** ** "**** or ******?" ******, *** ***** **** the **** ********* *** ******** **** format. ***********, ******** ** ********** ****** control ******* *** *** ****** ***** day **** ************ ******, ******* ****** of ***** * ******** ****. *** persistence ** ****, ***** **** *** widespread ****** *****, ** *** ** the ******** ************ **** *** ***.
*******, ** **** ** *** ******** 'status ***', **** ****** *** **** operational ********** *** ******** *********. *** high-security ***********, ** ***** ***** ***** be * **** ****** ** ***** identity ******* ******* ** *** ********** (for ******* ** *****-****** ***) *** higher *** ******** *** ********** ***** of ****** ** *****.
Comments (9)
John Grocke
Excellent article. I can't remember the last time I sold a new EAC system using prox cards or readers. We've been selling iClass for several years for new installs. Our clientele is generally more security concious than most and we don't do a lot of low bid type work.
We have customers that use the memory storage blocks built into the iClass card for biometrics and other functions such as logging into their PC's using an USB reader instead of manually typing a password.
As mentioned, the "MultiClass" readers are handy for helping customers migrate technology.
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Wassim Abu-Zent
In the picture "Encrypted v.s. Unencrypted transmission methods", I am curious as to what this person is holding against the door/wall. In this picture, what is this snooping technique?
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John Minster
Great article Brian Thank you.
This is a subject I debate with people on a regular basis. If you are not set up for, monitoring and enforcing door forced open and door propped open alarms, prox cards are really a non factor in how secure you are. It is far easier to tailgate than it is to "snoop". Seems people want to make a big deal out of prox cards but don't bother with DFO or DPO.
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Brian Rhodes
Hello, Wassim:
The picture shows a 'generic' homemade RFID antenna. The web is full of DIY RFID snoop gear, and it's more than just antennas. However, we did not want to provide a blueprint for snoop gear with this post, but rather illustrate the purpose of credential encryption.
Thanks for reading!
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Andrew Lee
I have some comments I'd like to provide on this topic. Though will have to get into more detail later.
The snooping process and the iClass authentication, etc is slightly different than explained. (though my quick comments will probably provide additional confusion)
The prox cards were not actually compromised, just the lack of two way authentication method with the reader made it easily copied, even the clock signal can be slighly off. They can not be cloned to a new physical card (or from the last I remember they couldn't). The old MiFare classic was hacked/broken and can be easily cloned to new cards.
Prox cards are duplicated by copying the RF field that is outputted from the card and doesn't require you to do it during a card read process with a legit reader as shown in the snooping example. You also have greater distance with the RF field off a 125khz card than a 13.56MHz card allowing you to electrocinally copy the prox card at greater distances. The electronic cloner would then be used to replay the RF signal to the reader.
Most iClass card based installations typically use a standard Card Serial Number (35bit/37bit) method when used with wiegand readers as this is a one way communications method and typically doesn't allow access to the application areas. You can easily read the same card serial number from the iClass as from a prox card. (If you wish to use application areas and other key based techniques you can make it impossible to duplicate a card number though in those instances you will probably be using a RS-485 bidirectional reader with an encrypted communications that prevents the physical access). iClass is secure from cloning or spoofing in the sense of the prox.
The security of a wiegand based system relies on the ability to keep the wiegand circuit secure. I could take any iClass card using a wiegand system and copy the CSN and then take a device that can output that same CSN over a weigand device. This of course requires physical access to the data 0 and data 1 cables to push this number down the line. So use of tamper monitoring should be used on all readers that have a wiegand interface if there is a chance it could be physically accessed by a person.
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John Minster
Great points Andrew. When people go on about prox not being secure and needing to go to IClass I point out what Andrew mentioned about down stream devices. For areas needing real security IClass and OSDP are in order.
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Undisclosed Integrator #1
Would like to see a similar comparison between iClass and DesFire
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François Brouillet
In the 13.56 MHz realm there are different competing standard. In NA we mainly see the HID iCLASS and its new vesion iCLASS SE, in Europe it is the Philips Mifare and the more advanced version Desfire EV1 that is popular and in Japan it is the Sony Felica. When we look at the ISO 14443, iCLASS is ISO 14443B and Philips Desfire is ISO 14443A so although both are "compliant" with the same ISO standard the are not fully interoperable. Typically the HID iCLASS reader will only read the CSN (Card Serial Number) of a Mifare or Desfire card not being able to read the actual sector storing the credential information
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Adams Dauda
This is well documented article, in an environment of regulatory requirement of financial institution for example where a customer can use his/her bank debit card to enter banking hall during the closing hours to carry out transaction. The PCI regulation requires encryption of personal information it would be a risk to use Prox for door entry system.
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