'Donation Diplomacy' From Dahua, Hikvision, and Huawei Examined

Executive *******

**** ******** ** **** than **** ***** ********* from *****, *********, *** Huawei **** *****. ** **** ******-** report, ** ******* *** these ********* **** *** manufacturers ********* ************* **** Latin ******** ********** ********* over ***********. ** **** outline *** ******* ********** could ******* *** ***** American ****** ******* *** deployment ** ********, ********** devices.

**********

***-***** ************ ************* ***** making ******* **** ***** America ***** ** ***** ago, ********* ** *** York-based ***** ********** *********.****** *** **** ****, Western ************* **** *********************** ** ********* ***** own ******** ** *** region.

***** ******** *********** **** began ********* *** *************' technology ** *** ****** sector, ***** ******* ***** Dahua, *********, *** ****** an **** **** ***********,********* ** ****** *********. **** *********** ** supported ** *** ******** of**. ****** ******** ********(********), ** ********* ********* at ********* *. ******* ****** of ****** *******, *** University ** ***** ** Austin, ***** ****** *** surveillance *******. **. ******** told **** **** ***** American *********** **** ***** the *****'* ******** ******** of *** **********:

***** ******* *** *** of *** ******** ******* in *** ***** ** start ******** ******* **** city **********, *** ******* one ** *** ***** of *** ***** ***** it ***** ** ** used ****. *** ****** of ********* ***** **** technology ********* ** **** through ****, ***** ** the **** **** *** dataset ********.

*********, *** ************* **** been ******** ********** ***** at ***** ****, ******** ********* ** * Dahua ******** ** ************* ******** ** **** year.

Coronavirus *******, ********* ****

*** ********* ** ********* from ***-***** ********* ** Latin ******** *********** *** increased ************* ****** *** last *** *****, ******** ********** ****** **** 30 ********* ** ******* technology ** ******** *********** in **** *** ***** 2021.

PRC ************* ******* **** *********

*** *** *************' ********* fall ***** *** ******** of ********* ************, *** effect ** ***** *** been ************ ***** *** 1990s.** * **** ******* published ** *** ******* of ********* **************,********* ***** *************, ** *** ******* context, **** ********* ************ constitutes * "************ ********" "business **********" **** ******* "marketing ************* *** **********" such ** "***** *********** and ******* ****** *********."

**. ******** ****** **** PRC *************' ***** ******* donations ***** ******* ******** benefits ** *** ******:

********* ** ************ ********** for ******** *** ****** safety ***** ***** ******* purposes. *****, **** ***** be **** ********* ** if ***** ** **** concern ** * **** or ******* ***** *** level ** *****, *** if *** ********** ** question ** ********* ** an ********* ******** ** that *******.

******, ********* *** ** donating ***** ******* ** the **********, ** *** part ** * ******, in ***** **** ******* decide **'* ***** ********* in * ******-***** ********.

*****, **** *** **** that * *****-***** ************* of ******** ********* **** the ****/****** ******, *** potentially *** *********, ** make * ****** **********—* donation ** ************* ****** or ***** ** *******.

******, ********* *** ** part ** * ****** corporate ******** ** ****** relationship **********; ** **** case, ********* ** ************/******** technology ***** *** ** a ********* ******** ******* to ********* ************* **** state *** ***** *********, helping ********* * ******** foothold *** *** ******* in * ***** **** it ***** ** **** multiple ***** ** ******** over *** ******-****.

***** *****(********), * ******** ****** at ********** ** ******* *********(***), * *** ****-***** think ****, ****** *** lock-in ***** ******* **** by **. ******** ** comments ** ****:

Chinese *****, *** ** ******, *** *** *****’* ******* ********* ** ** ************ ********** **** *** ****** ********. These “safe city” programs, as Huawei terms them, encompass everything from facial recognition technology to video surveillance systems. Because Digital Silk Road (DSR) projects tend to package technology in bundles, recipient ****** *** **** ****** ** ******** *********** ********* ************ ** **** ** * ******* ***********, **************, *** ********** (***) ********. The same technology that monitors traffic flows and assigns parking tickets is also used for the digital surveillance of citizens, for example. DSR makes it easier for countries to acquire surveillance technology, providing authoritarian states with greater capabilities to entrench themselves and monitor their populations. Surveillance technology exports through DSR will not turn a democratic country into an authoritarian one, but they could be used to cement authoritarian control where it already exists or abet a mixed regime’s backsliding. Furthermore, the ******** ****** ** *****’* ***** ****** ********* *** ****** ** ************ ***** **** *** ******* ****** **** ****** **** ******** **** **** ** ******** *****. [emphasis added]

Benefits *** ***********?

***** ********* ******* *************, but ***** ***** **** help ***** *********** ***********, particularly ** ***** *******, where *********** *** *** as **** ****** ** in *** ** *** Europe *** ********* ****** afford *** **********. ** comments ** ****, ***** American ******* ** **-***** digital ******** ********* ******* **** **** ** the **** ******* ** PRC *************' ********* ** these ***********:

*** **** ******* **** could **** **** ***** business ********* ** ** save ***** *** ****** that *** ********* ***** of ********* *********.

Security **** *** *** ***** ******** ******

***** ********** ********* ******* numerous ******** *** ************* and **** ****-******** *********** acquire *** *******, *** donations **** ******** *********, including *************. ********-***** ****** Dahua *** ********* **** have ********* ************* ***********, with***** ********* *** '*****' vulnerabilities **** ******************* ************ * *.* critical ************* ********* **** 100 ******* ******* ***** ago.

**. ******** ** *** University ** ***** ** Austin ***** ******** ** a "****" ** **** PRC *************' *********, ****** that ** ** ******* where **** ******** ** donated ******* ** ******, who *** ****** **, and *** ** *** be ****:

*** ***** ** ***** this ********** **** ** do **** **** ********, user *******, *** *** broader ******* *** ********* could **** ** ***** liberties, ***** ******, *** the ******* ** *********.We ***'* **** ** * *** ** *****, *** *******, ***** *** **** ** ****** *** *** **'* ****** ****. [emphasis added]

****** *** **** ********* the ************ ******* *** security ** ******* ********** in *** ******** ** IPVM, ** ******** ** the ***** ****** ************ of ********* *** ****:

**** ** ***** ** donations, *************, ***** ******** officials ** *** **** into ******* *** ***** that ***** ************ ***** for ***** ******, *** quality ** *** ********, the ******** ******** **** use, ***.

"Not ****' ** *** ***********

***** **** *************, ***** is **** *** ******* concern **** *************' ********* constitute ** ****-*********** ********.*****'**** *******************'* ***** ********** **** ****-********** ****** *** **** ***** has ******** ** ******'* convoluted ************ **** *** PRC. ******** ***********, **** as ****, *****, ******, Mobotix, *** ******** (*.*., Avigilon, ************, *****) *** all ******* ********, ******* governmental ********* ** *******. As ****, ***** ********* can ***-****** ** ****** five-figure ******* ****** *************** or ** **** ***,*** ******* ** ***** governments, ** ***** *** Hikvision **** **** ** São *****, ******'* ******* ****.

****** *** ****** **** the ********* **** ***********:

It ** **** ***** **** ***** ********* *** *** **** **** *** ***** ** **** ** ***********. It is difficult to know why these companies give away their products and it can only generate speculation. [emphasis added]

Sidestepping ************** ********

****** *** ******* ***** surveillance ***** ** ***** America ** ******* ** transparency** ** ****** ****** that *** ********** ** IPVM. *** ** *** argues **** ********* ********* skirt ************** ********, ************ the ********* ****** *** the ********** ** *********** and ******* ** *** deployment ** *********** *******:

[*]******** *** ******** **** way ********** *** ********* prior ****** **** ***** allow ******** ******* ***** technologies *** ********* ********* and ************.

********* ***** *** ********* among ***** *********** **** quality ** ********, ******** discussion ** *** ********** and *********** ** ********** technologies (*.*., *** ** the ******* ******* ** night, *** **** **** they ****, ***.) *** instead *********** ****** ******** to ***** ** ***** of *** ***** ******* of ******* ******** *** donated.

** **** ***** ************ systems ****** ****** *****, this ******** *** ** detrimental ** ***** *********** over *** **** **** due ** *** ****** maintenance ***** ** ****, such ** ***** ********** by**** ********** ** *** York********* ***********. **** ****(********) ******* ******** ** ****:

Resist *** **** ** *** *** ******* **, ****** *** **** ** ***** ****, ** ******* **** ****** **** ** **** because you frankly can't afford to do so because it's not just about paying for the cameras, it's about paying for the cameras as well as all of the other things that need to be in place for video surveillance to be successful. [emphasis added]

****** *** ****** **** this **** ** ************, coupled **** * ************* absence ** **************, **** the ********* * ****-**** for ***** ******** ************ and *** ****** ** large:

In ** *** **** **** ******* ***** ******** ********* for the simple fact that these technologies are not beneficial to anyone and because they eliminate the necessary transparency and accountability that should surround any deployment of technologies that may affect human rights. [emphasis added]

**** **** ** **************, along **** ***** *********, such ** **********, *********** some ********* **** ******* to ***** *********** *** raises *** *** *** some ******.

PRC ********** ******** **** *********

***** **** *** **** that *** *** ********** clearly ******** **** *****-**********/-*****/-****** companies **** *****, *********, and ****** ********* ******** PR ******, ********** ********* are **** **** ** a ******* ******** ** furthering *** ******* ****** objectives.

*********** **** ************* ******** ********** ** Chile*** ****. ********* *******, *** **** **** permission ** ***** **** their ******* "*****’* ******* *** ********* Drivers: ******* **** * Novel ******* ** **** Diplomacy ** ***** ******* During *** *****-** ********," ******* *********** ** the ******* ** ******* Chinese *******, ***** **** private *** *********' ********* "'follow *** ****' ** the ***** **** **** follow *** ************ *** allocation ******* **** ** the ************ ******** ** their **** ******* [*** PRC]". *** *******, *** Chilean *********** ******* ******, linking *** ****** **** its ** ******* *** "strong ******* ** ***** America" ** *** ********-***** manufacturer's ****** *** *** technology ********* ** ** Latin ******** *********.

**** ***** ******* ********* last *****, *******'* ********** ** Washington,****** ****, ***** **** *** PRC ** ******* **** to ********** ************ *** pull ******** ***** ******** governments **** **** *** US's *****:

** ******* ** ******* the ********* [** *******]. He ***** ** ***** with ***... ***** ** waiting, ******, ‘**’** ****. We’re ****** *** *****.’ They **** ******* ** course, *** **** ***’* say ****.

***** **** ***** **** the ***'* '******** *********' has *** ******** ******** provided ** ***** *********, writing **** "******* *** thankful *** *****’* ******** of * ******* ******* doses ** ****, **** says. *** ***** *** already ******** ** *******."

** *****, ******* *********, whether **** ** * China-based ******* ** * PRC ********** ******* ******, the *** ** ******* more ***** ** ***** America *** *********** ***** government *********, ** ***** Sacks ** *** *** notes:

******* ***** *** ********* often ***** *** [********] with ******** ********* ****** they *** **** *********** with, ******** ********** ************ and ***** *** **** of ******** ** *** continued ******* ** ********** politicians *** ********* *******.

Taiwan ********* **** ** ********* ***********

***** *** ******* ******* of **** *****'* ***** America ********* ****, **** added *** ***-*** ******* featuring *******'* *********** ** an ******* **** ******** to *** ********* ****** state ****. ***** *** *****(********).

**. ***** *** ***** is *** ** **** 15 ********* **** ***** maintain ****** ********** ********* with ****** ** **** of *******. *********** **** the ********** ******** ********** of ***** ***** **** such ********* *********, **** PRC *********, *** *** altruistic *** *** ******* tied ** *** ***** of ******'* ********* ********** recognition *** *** '****** Cost' (*.*., *********** ********* with ****** ** *** expense ** ****** ***** relations **** *** ***).

No ********** ********* **** ***-***/****** *************

***** **** ***-***** ************* like *****, *********, *** Huawei, *** ******'* *******, IPVM *** *** ***** evidence ** *** ***-*****/****** companies ******** ** ***** American ***********. ****** *** agreed ** ******** ** IPVM:

** ** *** **** of ***** ** ***** companies ******** ******* ************ in *** ******.

*********, ****** *** ********* that **** *** *** aware ** *** ********* of ********** ********* ***** turned **** ** ******** by ***** ******** ****** authorities.

**********

** ********* ** ******** professionally ******** ****** ** the ******* ******** ** PRC *************, **** ** Dahua ***** ***** ********* the ******* ******** ** a ******* *****, *****-***** tech ****** **** ***** corporate ************ ** * PR *** ******** ****. This ******** *** ************* with ******** ********** *** generates ******** *** **** towards *** ***** *** also ******* *** *** government.

***** ********* ******* *** donor ***, ** *********, the ***, *** ********** Latin *********' ************* *** tilt *** ******* ***** in ***** ** *****, Hikvision, *** ******. ** integrating ***** **** **** their ***** **************, ******** governments *** *** **** of ****** *** *** greater ******** **** ***** internal *******, ********* ** the ***'* ***** *****:

[*]** ****** **** ** that ***** ** **** to *** *** ******** and ******** ********* ** exercise * **** **** a *******'* *********, ****** than * ******, ***** seizure ** **************. ** a ******, *** ****** States *** ****-****** ********* lose ******** **** **** would **** ********* ******* to ******** ***** ********* to ******* ***** **********.